My Laissez-Faire Leadership in the Refugee Camp Site Coursework - 7

My Laissez-Faire Leadership in the Refugee Camp Site - Coursework Example Laying down a proper leadership framework should be characterized by optimization of resources, reorganization of growth opportunities among the employees and implementation of proper plans for achieving growth. My future work environment would be an organization where employees will be given importance to the extent as they are the most valuable assets of the organization. The employees will be motivated enough to work with integrity and honesty and perform to their utmost level without being watched or controlled. In order to build such a working environment, the set of core values chosen to be inspired within the organization will include; Integrity, Commitment, and Dedication.We intend to be the nation’s most competitive organization in terms of our products.In order to attain excellence, our manpower will be completely motivated and equipped with the required skills and the prompt responsiveness to the client’s requirements is our primary goal. We consider all memb ers of the organization as an essential and most valuable asset and ensure the betterment of each member to the utmost level.Competencies and skills play a vital role in a successful manager as well as a leader. The proper implementation of leadership framework enables a leader to support the business at large and this is possible through comprehensive personal effectiveness that encompasses management change as well as the promotion of simultaneous innovation within an organization. Working in a conducive and well-organized environment will be my preferable working condition and integrity value should be encountered under my leadership to enhance good managerial facet.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I would prefer to work in a refugee campsite. Most of the refugee camps have displaced people facing potential permeation dangers, especially from terrorist activities. However, the need of education is the key aspect of the people leaving in these camps, and through proper implementation of leadership framework including; Integrity, Commitment, and Dedication, will see people in these camps admire and value the importance of education to the present community.

International Trade Simulation Essay Example for Free

International Trade Simulation Essay In jumping into international trade a country would ideally want to maximize profits and maximize the impact of opportunity costs associated with importing and exporting goods and services. The ideal situation for a country involved in international trade would be the exportation of specialized goods that can be efficiently produced and the importation of goods that are produced elsewhere that are produced under similar conditions. Doing so creates reasonably priced goods that are desirable to other countries. The contents of the paper will discuss the advantages and limitations of international trade as identified in the simulation and will indentify four key points from the reading assignments that were emphasized in the simulation. In addition there will be a discussion on the application of what was learned in the simulation to a familiar organization. Lastly there will be a summary of results from this assessment. Rodamia International Trade Advantages and LimitationsOne major advantage of international trade, as pointed out in the simulation, is that by importing certain goods that a country does not have an advantage over means that the country will be able to optimize the production of the products that they do have advantage over. In this type of situation a country exports an efficiently made, high quality product. For example in the first scenario Rodamia the best products for export were cheese and DVD players. Due certain choices along with availability of technology and resources those commodities were the best choices to produce and subsequently export. Importing corn from Uthania was another good choice because corn is produced at a lower opportunity cost which passes that savings along to Rodamia. In addition importing corn allows Rodamia to put a large amount of its resources into producing cheese. Suntize has a comparative advantage in electronics so importing watches from them was a good decision as well. In trading with Suntize and Uthania this made Rodamia in line with opportunity costs of production in each country. The limitation is that comparative advantage does not stay the same because over time as technology develops and skill level adapts the advantage changes as well. Scenario 2 3Another advantage is that in order to stabilize international conditions countries can decide to or not to impose tariffs to equalize the  market. In the second scenario Suntize exported watches to Rodamia at a lower price than the watches Suntize was selling domestically. Placing a different price otherwise called dumping, causes the international market to become unstable. Rodamia decided to place a tariff so that the price imported can equate to the market value of the watches. The dumping margin was calculated at 25% which would raise a tariff of $40 per unit or 25% of the export price. The tariff also proves to help protect the domestic producers. This is so because the number of imports starts to decrease and domestic production numbers raise because of it. In Rodamia the tariffs caused imports from Suntize to drop to 2.00 million units and increased domestic production to 6.00 million units. One of the limitations is that imposing tariffs means that consumers will no longer be able to reap the benefits of a cheaper imported product. High tariffs can mean that consumers may have to pay for higher priced domestically made goods. In scenario three not imposing a tariff proved to be an advantage because not imposing a tariff on Uthania and Suntize caused them not to impose tariffs on the cheese that is imported from Rodamia. A tariff would also harm goods producers in Uthania and Suntize. The limitations are that in Rodamia the corn industry is in its beginnings and imposing a tariff would protect the domestic industry from cheaper produced corn. A tariff would foster the potential for Rodamia to be a large corn producer. Scenario 4Free trade improves domestic market competition. What this means for the consumer is better quality goods and for producers an expanded market in which to export their goods. Countries involved in free trade benefit from all the other countries involved as once a country determines their competitive advantage other countries can reap the benefits of having quality goods. Rodamia has decided to negotiate free trade agreements with both Uthania and Suntize. In doing so free trade negotiation lowers trade barriers which allow countries to explore other markets. This can provide consumers with a larger variety of products. In addition opening the country to other markets increase production leads to an increase competition and consumers benefit from this. The limitations are that free trade negotiations do not affect countries that are not a part of the FTA. Countries outside of the FTA will have high trade barriers. Four Key PointsFour key points that were emphasized in the readings and in the simulation were comparative advantage, consumer surplus, opportunity costs, and trade restrictions. Comparative advantage is when a country possesses the technology and resources to produce at good at a lower cost compared to another good and another countries production. Since Rodamia could produce cheese efficiently their comparative advantage would lay in cheese production. The comparative advantages in the simulation determined Rodamias exports and imports from the neighboring countries. Consumer surplus is when a country can produce goods at a lower price than another country. The country of Suntize may have had a consumer surplus with its production of electronics. The decision to choose Suntize to import watches was based upon the fact that Suntize had an advantage in producing electronic goods. Opportunity cost is the benefit foregone by producing a certain good (Colander, 2004). Opportunity costs were weighed heavily in Rodamia choosing goods to export. Rodamia was encouraged to export the commodity that had the lowest opportunity cost which turned out to be cheese. Giving away 2000 tons of corn cut cheese production in half where as if no corn was exported and imported instead, yields 8 million pounds of cheese. The last key point involves trade restrictions. Some types of trade restrictions include tariffs, quotas, embargos, and licenses. Tariffs were imposed upon Suntize for creating an unbalanced market. The tariff helped to equalize the imported price with the market value. Not imposing trade restrictions can also help not to harm foreign producers of goods and in return they may not decide to place tariffs on imports. Application of SimulationAs a frequent traveler to foreign Asian countries I now know why some countries produce the goods they produce. For example Jasmine rice is widely known as a Thai commodity but their number one export is computers and computer parts. This is so because Thailand has a comparative advantage in producing those goods and exporting them. Because of the lowered price of production Thailand will be able to export units at a reasonable price making those products desirable to countries that are in need of them. In addition I also see the major disadvantages of being a country that does not have any sort of comparative advantage. This would  make it difficult to trade with other countries that will look for products that can be produced efficiently and less costly. Summary of Results Scenario 1:Exports: Cheese and DVDsImports: Corn/UthaniaWatches/SuntizeScenario 2:Level of Tariff (%/unit): 40Imports from Suntize (million units): 2.00Domestic Product (million units): 6.00Scenario 3:Tariff level: 0%Imports from Uthania Alfazia ($ in million): 37.29Exports from Uthania ($ in million): 32.48Exports to Alfazia ($ in millions): 8.86Rodamias Balance of Trade ($ in millions): 4.04Scenario 4Weather to Negotiate FTAs: YesCountry to Negotiate FTAs with: Alfazia and Uthania Conclusion In summary international trade does not come without issues of creating optimal exports and importing the most cost efficient goods. International trade seems to expand the variety of goods that consumers want and for a country and its producer it seeks out new consumers and markets. The contents of this paper has discussed the advantages and limitations of international trade as identified in the simulation and indentified four key points from the reading assignments that were emphasized in the simulation. In addition there was a discussion on the application of what was learned in the simulation to a familiar organization. Lastly there was a summary of results from this assessment. References: Colander, D.C. (2004). Economics (5th ed.). Burr Ridge, IL: Irwin/McGraw-HillUniversity of Phoenix. (2007). Applying International Trade Concepts. Retrieved on October18, 2007 from, University of Phoenix, rEesource, Simulation,ECO360- Economics for Business I Web site.

Importance Of Priority In Todays Society :: essays research papers

Importance of Priority in Today's Society In today's society it is of the ultimate importance to keep self- discipline as a major priority. Right now we may not realize it, but we are not living in a perfect society on this planet. But perfect is not the answer for our world, as it seems implausible. Rather, we are trying to work out into the opposite direction and not suffer chaos. Think of what would happen, if we all took the responsibility to keep our self disciplined and utterly focused in trying to do the best we could. Our world would not suffer the many consequences we suffer now. For example, if we decided to peaceful with other nations, and kept respect and peace with everyone. The prevention of mayhem, chaos and anarchy will not just come one day like an invisible shield trying to prevent this situation from happening. What needs to happen is, every person on this earth out of the many billions that there are, needs to take responsibility of his/her actions. Chaos, mayhem, disturbance, turmoil, pandemonium, uproar. Is this what we want in our world today? Although people are afraid to say it, it is obvious that if we all do not think before we do things, these events that I described could occur in the near future. Many people are in belief that chaos, mayhem, and even anarchy will not occur in their lifetimes. And most possibly what they think is true, but they don't show helpfulness towards they younger generations. By making a large pothole, it may be very difficult to fill it. By ruining the world today, it seems as if we are striving to mayhem. In our society we are not working to help other people and just help ourselves. If we all worked together, and not thought so much about ourselves we would therefore show that we can work as a large family or community, thus helping us realize what drastic situation we are in. Michael Jackson states in one of his songs " Heel the world, make it a better place, for you and for me and the entire human race." The only way we could actually fulfill this statement is to be self-disciplined in what we do. Prevention of all three aspects, mayhem, chaos and anarchy, is a must and a necessity in our developing world. Also self responsibility ties into this matter. By being aware of your actions and not doing anything that could effect yourself or anyone else, we are one step closer to a better world, not only for us but the for other generations

Cisco Systems: New Millenium †New acquisition strategy Essay

The case deals with the acquisition policy implemented by Cisco, by giving some real samples. The most interesting point concerns the way Cisco acquired companies during 90s with 4 main goals: a shared vision, shareholders’ satisfaction, motivating value added for employees, shareholders, customers and partners and a perfect â€Å"chemistry† (P.9). Contrary to the global trend of big companies’ acquisition, Cisco was involved in smaller companies, based on selection criteria (presented below) which fit the company’s needs and strategy: * Small companies: the advantage is that those companies are start-ups coming with new disruptive Ideas highly complementary with Cisco’s businesses. * Limited number of employees (but engineers as the large part of them): Cisco gives a huge importance to skilled people, because as they say, those people are the real asset which permits to increase future market shares, So people retention becomes one of acquisitions’ main goals (success driven by a very low turnover compared with the industry). * Very entrepreneurial systems focused on fast growing: the need to grow by forming part of Cisco is one of the motivating arguments to have win-win negotiations. On the other hand, this kind of companies is not risk adverse and promises future benefits to their owners. * Geographical proximity: for large acquisitions, it permits to shorten lost time and get directly to the real acquisition’s implementation in order to share the distribution channels (cost reduction) and obtain the new product earlier. * Comparable cultures and visions: since acquisition leads to the integration of the acquired company to the group, it is necessary to have the same vision of the future strategy and cultures which can be merged to obtain a coherent unit. Last, the company’s strength resides in its ability to decentralize decision making by creating a new business unit at each acquisition, because the acquired company is considered as a master in its domain. This system permits to make acquired company feel independent in the way it is managed (less change management to be processed). Cisco represents a benchmark as acquirer for the entrepreneurial firms which aim to be acquired because it proposes several advantages in terms of independency, people treatment, product valorization and so on, which form part of the most important criteria for acquisition. Moreover, in the last decade, it increased its attractiveness based on the personalized treatment provided to the new joiners and the restructuration by type of technology which makes economies of scale and allows people to share their knowledge with their previous â€Å"internal competitors† and increase their skills. So, in terms of win-win relationship, Cisco acquisition model can be a basis of comparison for any potential acquired company.

Problems faced by south-east asian in studying tenses and their solutions Essay

0. ABSTRACT: What do you think are the problems faced by the Pakistani learner while learning tenses of English? This paper highlights the problems of grammar teaching. Some teachers have been selected who have taught/have been teaching grammar for several years at school level. On the basis of the feedback given by the teachers, this research report is presented. 1. INTRODUCTION: Language is the chief means by which the human personality expresses itself and fulfills its basic need for social interaction with other persons. It is clear that the term â€Å"grammar† has meant various things at various times and sometimes several things at one time. This plurality of meaning is characteristic of the present time and is the source of confusions in the discussion of grammar as part of the education of children. There have been taking place violent disputes on the subject of teaching grammar at school. The ability to talk about the grammar of a language, to recite its rules, is also very different from ability to speak and understand a language or to read and write it. Those who can use a language are often unable to recite its rules, and those who can recite its rules can be unable to use it. Grammar organizes the vocabulary and as a result we have sense units. There is a system of stereotypes, which organizes words into sentences. 1.1 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: What skill does grammar develop? Does it gives the ability to make up sentences correctly to reproduce text adequately? If does so then how much practice is needed for the development of the practical skill that can enable pupil point the specific grammar structure differences between the mother tongue and the target language. 1.2 HYPOTHESIS Systematic and an organized study of tenses in grammar can solve the communication related issues in learning especially those related to the target language. 1.3 OBJECTIVES: 1. To investigate problems faced by Pakistani learners during English tense-learning. 2. To recognize the hindrances faced by students in learning tenses. 3. To highlight the problems of grammar teaching and suggest the solution for them. 1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH: It will prove to be useful in obtaining information from students and teachers statistically, and will give an accurate report on how the problems come forth and consequently how to tackle them 2 LITERATURE REVIEW: The component issues are how to enhance the REASEARCH BASED REVIEWS: Author: Middlesmoor My main belief is that modern teaching techniques and their text books can be too dispersive. The principles of the †communicative approach† allied to the presentation of language according to the seemingly self evident concept of the â€Å"functions† of language, when put into the context of the class room, lead to confusing lack of focus. As a result, when pupils have a sense of confusion they become de-motivated. I have a central objection to the theoreticians’ distinction between â€Å"learning† a language and â€Å"acquiring† one when it is applied to school. Schools are not full of infant native speakers trying out the language as was the little English boy who said â€Å"I swimmed in the river.† Huge damage has been done. Schools are artificial places and they need a whole range of techniques of learning. Another objection to the notion of â€Å"acquiring† a language and wanting to imitate that in schools is that it makes us think that memory in school can be viewed as similar to the mechanisms that help us â€Å"acquire† (absorb unconsciously) our mother tongue. The word †acquire† is preferred as a softer word than learn. Learn is considered too Prussian as it were and linked to memorising. However consider how the expression â€Å"learning by heart† is a much less rigid sounding expression than if we used the term â€Å"memorising†. In the distinction; â€Å"learn† versus â€Å"acquire†, the idea is that learning is the wrong mechanism – dull, bookish and forced. Why is it that a term like â€Å"learn†, suddenly, after thousands of years of happy use in the language suddenly smells and we have to invent â€Å"acquire†? I’m suspicious of such distinctions and the undermining of accepted sense. Such theological repositioning is tendentious. It supposes that something is proved by simply using a supposedly self evident term. We can say that children â€Å"learn† that fires burn or they â€Å"learn† that not everything is what it seems to be! We don’t need to say that they â€Å"acquire† the effects of fire or differentiation! Young English children â€Å"learn† that there are some action words (verbs) that are regular when applied to the past (arrived) and others that behave in odd ways (swum). These distinctions come slowly. They â€Å"learn† them, as they do other things, by trial and error. It is true that young children â€Å"pick up† languages with amazing ease, but that is another story and it is certainly not a secret ability easily transferred to schools by thinking that such ease is natural and unthinking as is suggested (not proved) by the use of the term â€Å"acquire†. But this distinction has made text books woolly with false naturalism. When a young 3 year old told me â€Å"Today we swimmed in the river† he was intelligently generalising about a â€Å"learnt† aspect of verbs. By observation and repetition practice he had seen regularity – though yet imperfectly. The mentality – the brain mechanisms of learning your â€Å"mother† tongue are mysterious and specific to certain ages. We should be very careful before thinking that this mystery can be reproduced by means of class room text books in the weirdly unreal setting of a school classroom. No, language learning at school depends on suitable procedures for â€Å"learning† and remembering. Obviously â€Å"learning† is a complex matter. But one shouldn’t tendentiously falsify the word/- concept â€Å"learn† into a daft travesty of â€Å"crouch – over – your – books – and – memorise â€Å", from which we are then rescued by the saintly term â€Å"acquire† which p ossesses the secret of doing everything effortlessly!. Few of us these days exercise our memory. It should be obvious to anyone that language learning requires memorisation. Out of fear of so called rote learning we think everything should proceed â€Å"naturally†, be acquired, i.e. effortlessly. However, we learn our own language with considerable repetitive practice. The so called â€Å"natural† methodology of language teaching is a sham. What we need is artificial procedures that mimic certain repetitive practice situations in the native learner and these procedures should be fun. When we learn our mother tongue we are at full stretch in our attention and will to understand and communicate. This is not so at school. In the grammar book there are countless suggestions for practising and recycling the specimen sentences â€Å"nuggets’ on the grammar pages, and games for learning vocabulary. Who in the â€Å"natural or â€Å"communicative approach† is doing the artificial / unnatural business of teaching vocabulary? In my experience, running a language school for foreign children, they know hardly any words in a really active sense; i.e. Words that are easily recoverable to their memories. Since young people have good memories the grammar units are exemplified with short plays that focus on the one grammar aspect. These plays are to be learnt by heart and acted and preferably filmed within 10 –15 minutes. (may be in competetive pairs doing the same play.) Thus the slower children will be really helped to keep up with the rest of the class  by watching various versions of the same play / grammar area. And then everyone can have further repetition practice by watching the vid eoed performances. These plays are also examples to help pupils make similar plays around grammar islands. To get their imaginations going and give ideas for plays, I have supplied a whole last section called â€Å"Human life charts† Teaching â€Å"Grammar† is often confusing. Instead of focusing attention on the basic grammatical forms of language, the enterprise gets drowned in pedantic â€Å"metalanguage†. Often grammar teaching makes matters worse. I felt at Middlesmoor that I could do it differently. Small children of any nationality are aware of grammar. They build up hypotheses of trial and error. In our example of â€Å"I swimmed a â€Å"rule (†¦ed) has been perceived that has exceptions (â€Å"irregular verbs!) Why do I point this out? Because some experts have been so disapproving of bad teaching of grammar that they reject any teaching of structural consistencies. Children are not just creative. ( they are rather less so than they are famed to be!) What they are is quite sharply rational. They appreciate clarity. I wanted a simple grammar book. There wasn’t one. The reason is that people who write grammar books are writing with a worry about what pedant teachers or experts will say of their definitions. They are not thinking directly of the â€Å"customers† (the students) The result is that there is far too much â€Å"exactitude† and the student has too wade through oceans of â€Å"truth† only to drown in it! I decided that at Middlesmoor we needed to give the visitors security with the very basic language patterns which were at the same time clothed in examples of immediate utility: â€Å"Can I have some water please?† † I haven’t seen her† â€Å"When are we playing football?etc. When we are young we learn without grammar but then as children, play activities are relatively repetitive and restricted. Therefore young children’s speaking is focused on a restricted vocabulary and certain simple grammatical structures. We therefore had to write our own grammar to suit the very uncertain knowledge of our visitors: particularly the Italians. Grammar must be presented in larger areas than is usual and be supported by creative open ended material which is still grammar focused. We made a special linear  grammar to make self access possible to the students. In this way lessons are paradoxically liberated from grammar. There is no sense in splitting up and atomising the grammar for easy digestion. (that is, easy digestion at first view). For example it is only apparently sensible to split into gradual sections, the presentation of the 3 futures or 3 pasts (past perfect and past simple and past continuous) Their use is inter dependent. Teach them together and after the first difficulty of â€Å"too much at once†, progress is quick and lasting.) You don’t have to give to a grammar the gradualised lay out of a course book. The objection that the usual practice of splitting up grammar into small bits, helps the student because it is â€Å"gradual†, is totally mistaken. (Besides, once split up how can he/she go back to study the interconnecting logic of the â€Å"whole† problem or actually find what he wants) The benefit of the â€Å"whole† presentation of islands of grammar is that the student can find his own way to a whole understanding: the grammar gradually comes into focus as it does when we learn our own language. It also means that such larger units of connected grammar are much more easily turned into grammar plays. What is â€Å"grammar† but just that regularity that the 3 year old’s â€Å"I swimmed† was hypothesising? Children in a classroom situation need language that is focused and easily recyclable: that is, we must artificially recreate the simple environment of our previously described child learner of L2 and situate that language in a context that encourages repetition and recreation As a bridge from these grammar areas and phrases I have written grammar plays. At Middlesmoor we use theatre a lot. Children have much readier memories than adults. A pity we don’t exploit this more. Children learn languages quickly in the natural state because communication is desired by them and also because the language they use is so narrow, and it is endlessly recycled, repeated and refashioned. Children work outwards from a tight circle of usefulness. The plays are a way of making up for the fact that class room situations in which children are taught are all more or less artificial and that the ways of â€Å"natural language acquisition† cannot be transferred to text books. My preferred method of teaching would be to base everything on grammar and special dictionaries and to use the blackboard as note pad for collecting information about the children’s real world of experience. Also newspapers contain stories that fascinate children as young as 9 or 10. They just need a simplified sentence structure and vocabulary. A final point. If we don’t make a fetish of grammar and also if we are no longer terrified by the idea that â€Å"grammar is old fashioned† we will be the quicker free of it and able to use the language for interesting tasks, ie. we will use it naturally! A didactic that frankly uses grammar as a central reference point from which to depart ( and only return to in quick visits) will be much freer from it than the victims of the hotch potch muddle of â€Å"functional† text books. Obviously we must avoid the old grammar teaching which was abstruse gobbledy gook that was like a mountain range so tortuous to cross that few survived to reach the actual language! Author: Katy Allen MBE Director, Village Education Project Kilimanjaro An analysis of the obstacles in the way of effective pupil-centred teaching and learning of the English language in Tanzanian government I have 14 years’ experience working in government primary schools through the NGO Village Education Project Kilimanjaro. It is apparent from working in the schools, from visiting the EQUIP programme in August 2007, and from conducting a district seminar and other training and observations that pupil-centred learning is not taking place on any significant scale in the teaching of English. Only an honest evaluation will assist any future development of primary English education In teaching English to young learners it is essential to consider how children learn. There are recognised stages of cognitive development that every child passes through, and teaching material should take account of  this. There is also a very great need for the motivation to learn English for both the pupils and the teachers. teaching ideas. It is not sufficient to leave these teachers with inadequate support. They must now be spoon-fed with lesson plans, detailed ideas for games and activities and material for inter-cultural studies, as well as basic structures, words and phrases for them to conduct classroom routines in English as well as delivery of some specific English tuition. All of this will take account of the age of the pupils and their stage of cognitive development and also of the current level of expertise of the available teachers, the need to motivate both pupil and teacher, and the time available in the classroom for routine activities. Teachers need detailed, supportive materials so that their pupils are motivated, and learn systematically and the teachers themselves are assisted to understand the English being taught and assisted with the methods of teaching. It is important to bear in mind the stages of development of children when assessing or planning a primary language course. For an overview of Piaget and Stages of Cognitive Development see Appendix 1. In addition attention should be paid to how the brain works. Glover and Bruning5 have summarised six major principles of cognitive psychology as they relate to instruction: 1. Pupils are active processors of information 2. Learning is most likely to occur when information is made meaningful to pupils 3. How pupils learn may be more important that what they learn 4. Cognitive processes become automatic with repeated use 5. Metacognitive skills can be developed through instruction 6. The most enduring motivation for learning is internal motivation Teachers with insufficient subject knowledge have very little if any confidence. Teacher training should be concerned with two elements:15 1. Subject Knowledge – ensuring that the future teachers know and understand enough about what they are to teach to be able to teach it effectively 2. Subject Application – ensuring that the future teachers know and understand enough about how to teach what they are to teach to be able to do so effectively. 1.QUALITATIVE Qualitative research is a method of inquiry appropriated in many different academic disciplines, traditionally in the social sciences, but also in market research and further contexts Qualitative researchers aim to gather an in-depth understanding of human behavior and the reasons that govern such behavior. The qualitative method investigates the why and how of decision making, not just what, where, when. Hence, smaller but focused samples are more often needed, rather than large samples.For example, if you are asked to explain in qualitative terms a thermal image displayed in multiple colours, then you would explain the colour differences rather than the heat’s numerical value.The most common is analysis of qualitative data is observer impression.Observers examine the data, interpret it via forming an impression and report their impression in a structured and sometimes quantitative form. First, cases can be selected purposefully, according to whether or not they typify certain characteristics or contextual locations. Secondly, the role or position of the researcher is given greater critical attention. This is because in qualitative research the possibility of the researcher taking a ‘neutral’ or transcendental position is seen as more problematic in practical and/or philosophical terms. Hence qualitative researchers are often exhorted to reflect on their role in the research process and make this clear in the analysis. Thirdly, while qualitative data analysis can take a wide variety of forms it tends to differ from quantitative research in the focus on language, signs and meaning as well as approaches to analysis that are holistic and contextual, rather than reductionist and isolationist. Nevertheless, systematic and transparent approaches to analysis are almost always regarded as essential for rigor. For example, many qualitative methods require researchers to carefully code data and  discern and document themes in a consistent and reliable way. 2.QUANTITATIVE: quantitative research refers to the systematic empirical investigation of quantitative properties and phenomena and their relationships. The objective of quantitative research is to develop and employ mathematical models, theories and/or hypotheses pertaining to phenomena. The process of measurement is central to quantitative research because it provides the fundamental connection between empirical observation and mathematical expression of quantitative relationships. Statistical surveys were used to collect quantitative information about items in a population. Surveys of human populations and institutions are common in political polling and government, health, social science and marketing research. The survey focused on opinions or factual information depending on its purpose, and involved administering questions to individuals. When the questions were administered by a researcher, a structured interview or a researcher-administered survey prwsented itself. ALTERNATIVE RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES: 1.QUESTIONNNAIRE: Questionnaire replies Name: yasir arafat School F.G boys secondary school chattar Class: 5 1. A 5. A 2. A 6. A 3. A 7. A 4. A 8. A 9. Ans: the tenses should be taught in such a way that the students must not be asked to memorise the rules but to be able to use them properly. In this way an internal grammar would be generated which would be helpful in communication rather than a hinderance. 10. Ans: In the beginning the teacher should try to gain the attention and interest among the students by explaining the similarities between English language and the native language. Then he should try to teach English tenses in English. Name: Zahid Ali School: F.G school Malpur Ibd. Class: 6 1. C 2. A 3. A 4. B 5. A 6. A 7. A 8. A 9. Ans: 10. Ans: Name: Kamran School: Madina Model College Class: 8 1. B 5. A 2. A 6. A 3. A 7. A 4. A 8. A 9. Ans: The students should first know the basic things of grammar like parts of speech and then sentence structure and then move on to tenses. And the tenses should be in such and order that they should move from easy to difficult. 10. Ans: Tenses teaching should be made interesting and the teacher should first motivate the students in this regard. The students should be asked to make use of every tense they go through. OBSERVATION: To develop one’s speech means to acquire essential patterns of speech and grammar patterns in particular. Children must use these items automatically during speech-practice. The automatic use of grammar items in our speech (oral and written) supposes mastering some particular skills – the skills of using grammar items to express one’s own thoughts, in other words to make up your sentences. We must get so-called reproductive or active grammar skills. A skill is treated as an automatic part of awareness. Automatization of the action is the main feature of a skill. The nature of Automatization is characterized by that psychological structure of the action which adopts to the conditions of performing the action owing frequent experience. The action becomes more frequent, correct and accurate and the number of the operations is shortened while forming the skill the character of awareness of the action is changing, i.e. fullness of understanding is paid to the conditions and quality of performing to the control over it and regulation. To form some skills is necessary to know that the process of the forming skills has some steps: – Only some definite elements of the action are automatic. – The Automatization occurs under more difficult conditions, when the child can’t concentrate his attention on one element of the action. – The whole structure of the action is improved and the automatization of its separate components is completed. What features do the productive grammar skills have? During our speech the reproductive grammar skills are formed together with lexis and intonation, they must express the speaker’s intentions. The actions in the structural setting of the lexis must be learnt. The characteristic feature of the reproductive grammar skills is their flexibility. It doesn’t depend on the level of Automatization, i.e. on perfection of skill here mean the original action: both the structure of sentence, and forms of the words are reproduced by the speaker using different lexical material. If the child reproduces sentences and different words, which have been learnt by him as â€Å"a ready-made thing† he can say that there is no grammar skill. Learning the ready-made forms, word combinations and sentences occurs in the same way as learning lexis. The grammar skill is based on the general conclusion. The grammar action can and must occur only in the definite lexical limits, on the definite lexical material. If the pupil can make up his sentence frequently, accurately and correctly from the grammatical point of view, he has got the grammar skill. Teaching grammar at school using the theoretical knowledge brought some critical and led to confusion. All the grammatical rules were considered to be evil and there were some steps to avoid using them at school. But when we learn grammatical items in models we use substitution and such a type of training gets rid of grammar or â€Å"neutralizes† it. By the way, teaching the skills to make up sentences by analogy is a step on the way of forming grammar skills. It isn’t the lexical approach to grammar and it isn’t neutralization of grammar, but using basic sentences in order to use exercises by analogy and to reduce number of grammar rules when forming the reproductive grammar skills. To form the reproductive grammar skills we must follow such steps: – Selection the model of sentence. – Selection the form of the word and formation of wordforms. – Selection the auxiliary words-preposition, articles, and etc. and their combination with principle words. The main difficulty of the reproductive (active) grammar skills is to correspond the purposes of the statement, communicative approach (a questionan answer and so on), words, meanings, expressed by the grammatical patterns. In that case we use basic sentences, in order to answer the definite situation. The main factor of the forming of the reproductive grammar skill is that pupils need to learn the lexis of the language. They need to learn the meanings of the words and how they are used. We must be sure that our pupils are aware of the vocabulary they need at their level and they can use the words in order to form their own sentence. Each sentence contains a grammar structure. The mastering the grammar skill lets pupils save time and strength, energy, which can give opportunity to create. Learning a number of sentences containing the same grammatical structure and a lot of words containing the same grammatical form isn’t rational. But the generalization of the grammar item can relieve the work of the mental activity and let the teacher speed up the work and the children realize creative activities. The process of creation is connected with the mastering of some speech stereotypes the grammatical substrat is hidden in basic sentences. Grammar is presented as itself. Such a presentation of grammar has its advantage: the grammar patterns of the basic sentences are connected with each other. But this approach gives pupils the opportunity to realize the grammar item better. The teaching must be based on grammar explanations and grammar rules. Grammar rules are to be understood as a special way of expressing  communicative activity. The reproductive grammar skills suppose to master the grammar actions which are necessary for expressing thoughts in oral and written forms. The automatic perception of the text supposes the reader to identify the grammar form according to the formal features of words, word combinations, sentences which must be combined with the definite meaning. One must learn the rules in order to identify different grammatical forms. Pupils should get to know their features, the ways of expressing them in the language. We teach children to read and aud by means of grammar. It reveals the relation between words in the sentence. Grammar is of great important when one teaches reading and auding. The forming of the perceptive grammar and reproductive skills is quite different. The steps of the work is mastering the reproductive skills differ from the steps in mastering the perceptive skills. To master the reproductive grammar skills one should study the basic sentences or models. To master the perceptive grammar skills one should identify and analyze the grammar item. Though training is of great importance to realize the grammar item. 1.3 The Content of Teaching Grammar Before speaking about the selection of grammar material it is necessary to consider the concept â€Å"grammar†, i.e., what it meant by â€Å"grammar†. By grammar one can mean adequate comprehension and correct usage of words in the act of communication, that is, intuitive knowledge of the grammar of the language. It is a set of reflexes enabling a person to communicate with his associates. Such knowledge is acquired by a child in the mother tongue before he goes to schools. This â€Å"grammar† functions without the individual’s awareness of technical nomenclature; in other words, he has no idea of the system of the language, and to use all the word-endings for singular and plural, for tense, and all  the other grammar rules without special grammar lessons only due to the abundance of auding and speaking. His young mind grasps the facts and â€Å"makes simple grammar rules† for arranging the words to express carious thoughts and feelings. This is true because sometimes little children make mistakes by using a common rule for words to which that rule cannot be applied. For example, a little English child might be heard to say Two mans comed instead of Two men come, because the child is using the plural â€Å"s† rule for man to which the rule does not apply, and the past tense ed rule for come which does not obey the ordinary rule for the past tense formation. A little Russian child can say Ð ½Ã ¾Ã ¶Ã ¾Ã ² instead of Ð ½Ã ¾Ã ¶Ã µÃ ¹ using the case-ending â€Å"Ð ¾Ã ²Ã¢â‚¬  for Ð ½Ã ¾Ã ¶Ã ¸ to which it does not apply. Such mistakes are corrected as the child grows older and learns more of his language. By â€Å"grammar† we also mean the system of the language, the discovery and description of the nature of language itself. It is not a natural grammar, but a constructed one. There are several constructed grammars: traditional, structural, and transformational grammars. Traditional grammar studies the forms of words (morphology) and how they are put together in sentences (syntax); structural grammar studies structures of various levels of the language (morpheme level) and syntactic level; transformational grammar studies basic structures and transformation rules. What we need is simplest and shortest grammar that meets the requirements of the school syllabus in foreign languages. This grammar must be simple enough to be grasped and held by any pupil. We cannot say that this problem has been solved. Since graduates are expected to acquire language proficiency in aural comprehension, speaking and reading grammar material should be selected for the purpose. There exist principles of selecting grammar material both for teaching speaking knowledge (active minimum) and for teaching reading knowledge (passive minimum), the main one is the principle of frequency, i.e., how frequently this or that grammar item occurs. For example, the Present Simple (Indefinite) is frequently used both in conversation and in various texts. Therefore it should be included in the grammar minimum. For selecting grammar material for reading the principle of polysemia, for instance, is of great importance. Pupils should be taught to distinguish such grammar items which serve to express different meanings. For example, -s (es) The selection of grammar material involves choosing the appropriate kind of linguistic description, i.e., the grammar which constitutes the best base for developing speech habits. Thus the school syllabus reflect a traditional approach to determining grammar material for foreign language teaching, pupils are given sentences patterns or structures, and through these structures they assimilate the English language, acquire grammar mechanisms of speech The content of grammar teaching is disputable among teachers and methodologists, and there are various approaches to the problem, pupils should, whatever the content of the course, assimilate the ways of fitting words together to form sentences and be able to easily recognize grammar forms and structures while hearing and reading, to reproduce phrases and sentences stored up in their memory and say or write sentences of their own, using grammar items appropriate to the situation. The direct method assumed that learning a foreign language is the same as learning the mother tongue, that is, that exposing the student directly to the foreign language impresses it perfectly upon his mind. This is true only up to a point, since the psychology of learning a second language differs from that of learning the first. The child is forced to learn the first language because he has no other effective way to express his wants. In learning a second language this compulsion is largely missing, since the student knows that he can communicate through his native language when necessary. The basic premise of Direct Method was that second language learning should be more like first language learning: lots of active oral interaction, spontaneous use of the language, no translation between first and second languages, and little or no analysis of grammatical rules. We can summarize the principles of the Direct Method: – Classroom instruction was conducted exclusively in the target language. – Only everyday vocabulary and sentences were taught. – Oral communication skills were built up in a carefully graded progression organized around question-and-answer exchanges between teachers and student in small, intensive classes. – Grammar was taught inductively, i.e. the learner may discover the rules of grammar for himself after he has become acquainted with many examples. – New teaching points were introduced orally. – Concrete vocabulary was taught through demonstration, objects, and pictures; abstract vocabulary was taught by association of ideas. – Both speech and listening comprehension were taught. – Correct pronunciation and grammar were emphasized

Free Essays on Platos Apology

Plato’s Apology Socrates was a very simple man who did not have many material possessions and spoke in a plain, conversational manner. Acknowledging his own ignorance, he engaged in conversations with people claiming to be experts, usually in ethical matters. By asking simple questions, Socrates gradually revealed that these people were in fact very confused and did not actually know anything about the matters about which they claimed to be an expert. Socrates felt that the quest for wisdom and the instruction of others through dialogue and inquiry were the highest aims in life. He felt that "The unexamined life is not worth living." Plato's Apology is the speech Socrates made at his trial. Socrates was charged with not recognizing the gods recognized by the state and corrupting the youth of Athens. In The Apology, Socrates attempted to defend himself. He spoke in a very simple, uncomplicated manner. He explained that he had no experience with the law and courts and that he wou! ld just use honesty and directness. He also explained that he behaved in the way that he did because of a prophecy by the oracle at Delphi, which claimed that he was the wisest of all men. Recognizing that he was ignorant in most things, Socrates concluded that he must be wiser than other men only in that he knew that he knew nothing. Socrates explained that he considered it his duty to question people in order to expose their false wisdom as ignorance. By doing this, the youth of Athens began to admire him and follow in his ways. However, Socrates received much hatred and anger from the people he embarrassed. He believed that the reason he was put on trial was because he embarrassed many people. Socrates compared himself to a gadfly stinging the lazy horse, which is the Athenian state. Without him, Socrates claimed, the state would drift into a deep sleep, but through his influence it can be awakened. Socrates was found guilty by... Free Essays on Plato's Apology Free Essays on Plato's Apology Plato’s Apology Socrates was a very simple man who did not have many material possessions and spoke in a plain, conversational manner. Acknowledging his own ignorance, he engaged in conversations with people claiming to be experts, usually in ethical matters. By asking simple questions, Socrates gradually revealed that these people were in fact very confused and did not actually know anything about the matters about which they claimed to be an expert. Socrates felt that the quest for wisdom and the instruction of others through dialogue and inquiry were the highest aims in life. He felt that "The unexamined life is not worth living." Plato's Apology is the speech Socrates made at his trial. Socrates was charged with not recognizing the gods recognized by the state and corrupting the youth of Athens. In The Apology, Socrates attempted to defend himself. He spoke in a very simple, uncomplicated manner. He explained that he had no experience with the law and courts and that he wou! ld just use honesty and directness. He also explained that he behaved in the way that he did because of a prophecy by the oracle at Delphi, which claimed that he was the wisest of all men. Recognizing that he was ignorant in most things, Socrates concluded that he must be wiser than other men only in that he knew that he knew nothing. Socrates explained that he considered it his duty to question people in order to expose their false wisdom as ignorance. By doing this, the youth of Athens began to admire him and follow in his ways. However, Socrates received much hatred and anger from the people he embarrassed. He believed that the reason he was put on trial was because he embarrassed many people. Socrates compared himself to a gadfly stinging the lazy horse, which is the Athenian state. Without him, Socrates claimed, the state would drift into a deep sleep, but through his influence it can be awakened. Socrates was found guilty by...

When Cultures Collide - The Challenges of Global Integration

When Cultures Collide - The Challenges of Global Integration COMMUNICATION DECISIONS(promotion strategies)„ °Ã‚Æ' §indekiler22. Introduction 33. International Communication Decisions 33.1. International Communication Process 33.1.1. Seller/Buyer Initiative Shift 33.1.2. Elements of Internatonal Communication Process 33.1.3. Communication Barriers 83.2. Communication Tools 83.2.1. One-way Communication Tools 143.2.2. Two-way Communication Tools 173.2.3. Online Communication Tools 204. KaynakÂÆ' §a IntroductionCommunication is the final decision to be made about the global marketing programme. The role of communication in global marketing is similar to that in domestic operations: to communicate with customers so as to provide information that buyer need to make purchasing decisions. Although the communication mix carries information of interest to the customer, in the end of it is designed to persuade the customer to buy a product at present or in the future.To communicate with and influence the customers several tools are available. Advertising is usually the most visible component of the promotion mix, but personal selling, exhibitions, sales promotions, publicity and direct marketing.Figure 3One important consideration is whether to standardize worldwide or to adapt the promotion mix to the environment of each country.International Communication DecisionsInternational Communication ProcessIn considering the communication process we normally think about a manufacturer (sender) transmitting a message through any form of media to an identifiable target segment audience. Here the seller is the initiator of the communication process. However, if the seller and the buyer have already established a relationship it is likely that the initiative in the communication in the communication process will come from the buyer. If the buyer has a positive post-purchase experience with a given offering in one period of time this may dispose the buyer to rebuy on later occasions: that is, take initiatives in the form of making enquiries or placing orders.Seller/Buyer Initiative...

How to Ask a Professor for a Letter of Recommendation

How to Ask a Professor for a Letter of Recommendation Are you looking to get into a graduate program? Perhaps you have finished your degree and are seeking employment? If so, then there is a strong possibility that you are going to find yourself in need of a letter of recommendation. College professors are an excellent choice because they have spent extensive time with you, observing how you work, how you analyse information and even how you present your opinion in a group setting. The question is, how to ask a professor for a letter of recommendation? What Is a Letter of Recommendation? It is essentially a letter which gives the admissions board or an employer a brief overview of you as a student and as a person in general. Your professor should describe their experiences of working with you referencing specific situations, attitudes and other things that speak to your character. They should also describe what potential they see in you and why you are a good fit for the program or position. Who Should Write It for You? One of the first things you need to think about when it comes to requesting a strong letter of recommendation is who you are going to ask to write it! It is a good idea to choose a faculty member. That way, youll be confident that the person knows you reasonably well. Ideally, they should know you not only as their student, but in other contexts as well. What if theres no professor who knows me good enough? If you still have enough time before you need a recommendation letter, you should put in much effort to make connections with your professors. That way, youll be able to improve your chance to achieve your academic and career goals. Keep in mind that admissions offices receive hundreds, if not thousands of letters from potential students. Many of these letters are generic and do not stand out in the pile. If you choose a professor who knows you well both as a student and on a more personal level, they can write the letter with a more specific slant. This is going to help it stand out and get your application noticed. Is There a Certain Etiquette for Recommendation Requests? When asking your professor for a letter it is important to understand that it is something they take seriously and that a certain amount of etiquette involved when requesting letters. It is necessary to make a formal request for your reference letter. This should be done by email or letter. You should ask if he or she is willing to write a reference letter or fill out recommendation forms on your behalf. A pro tip: Never assume that your professor will be comfortable writing the letter – even if they have agreed to write one in the past. A formal request should always be made. Here are a few more etiquette tips to keep in mind when asking a professor for a letter of recommendation: Ask as Early as Possible – Professors have busy schedules and it can take time to write a strong letter of recommendation. Submit your request as early as you can, preferably a month before the deadline. This will give plenty of time for your professor to handle the request. Provide as Much Information as Possible – It will be really helpful to your professor if you provide as much information about the program or job that you are applying for. This will make it much easier for them to complete the text that helps you the best way. It may even be useful to make an appointment during their office hours to discuss it in full. Include a Pre-Addressed Envelope – Make it as easy as possible on your professor by providing them with included envelopes which are pre-addressed and have the correct postage affix. What If My Professor Denies My Recommendation Request? There is always a chance that your professor will deny your request. If this happens, try not to be too disheartened. There could be a variety of reasons for their refusal. It may not even be personal. It could be that they have several requests on their plate already and just don’t have the time to add another one to their workload. They may also feel that they do not actually have enough experience or knowledge of you as a student.Sometimes it might be that they simply think there is another program more suited to your skillset. A refusal is not an indication that you are a horrible student! The best course of action is to simply thank them for their time and send a request to your second choice. This is another great reason to get those requests in as early as possible, so you have plenty of time to decide on plan B! In conclusion, asking for a letter of recommendation is something that you need to take very seriously. It could be the difference between securing that place in graduate school or that dream job and being turned down. Get as much information as possible to include with your request to make things easier on your professor and be sure to give them enough time to complete your request.

CURRENT ISSUES IN FINANCIAL REPORTING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 4

CURRENT ISSUES IN FINANCIAL REPORTING - Essay Example Off-balance-sheet-financing is that debt that is not usually reported on a company’s balance sheet. The formal distinction between off and on-balance sheet items present some complications that are usually subject to some level of judgment by management. However, the primary distinction between the off and on-balance sheet items is based on whether or not a business/company owns or is legally responsible for that debt. Additionally, uncertain liabilities or assets are subject to being grouped as ‘probable’, ‘meaningful’ and ‘measurable’. Some of the examples of the off-balance sheet items include; unconsolidated subsidiaries, operating leases, financial instruments such as hedging contracts and derivatives securities, contingent assets/liabilities among many others (Bauman, 2003). Financial statements need to be adjusted from time to time so that they are able to reflect the economic substance of the information they represent. Companies should, therefore, focus on accounting methods that emphasis on economic substance by considering changes in accounting policies. Economic substance is a transaction that has a purpose besides reducing tax liability. Conversely, Sally and Schreiber states that, â€Å"The economic substance doctrine is a common law judicial doctrine that disallows tax benefits of a transaction if the transaction lacks economic substance or a business purpose.† Therefore, transactions and events should be accounted for in a manner that faithfully represents their true economic substance and not the mere legal form. The off-balance sheet items; thus, provide a reason financial statements often fail to faithfully represent the economic substance. Off-balance sheet activities usually do not represent the true picture of a net worth of a firm. This is because firms do not include market values of their off balance sheet items. Furthermore, the transparency of off balance sheet activities are

Challenges facing the succession of family owned businesses in Saudi Dissertation

Challenges facing the succession of family owned businesses in Saudi Arabia - Dissertation Example Family based businesses in Saudi Arabia face major challenges in the form of operating in a difficult global economy as well as managing the overall transition phase of the business to a new generation of family control. In order to survive and grow and make a place among those elite family based businesses that have been able to achieve long lasting global success the companies has to domesticated the restless entrepreneur conditions and design long term strategies to manage the business. Structured steps can help the companies’ o gain log lasting success. This has to start with the steep revolution of the existing business portfolios. The process may actually include divestment, product differentiation to develop a long term growth strategy along with the structuring the internal operations of the firms. Here, it is to be mentioned that all these can be achieved by retaining the emotional attachments to the businesses. The same kind of dedication and discipline is needed to clip the portfolio of the businesses has to be applied to analyze new investment policies. This may call for a situation where family members have to invest in activities that are quite different from that of the activities of the firm. Developing a formal corporate governance mechanism to monitor business activities is likely to be another crucial step that the families may have to take to achieve long term success. This may even involve the recruitment of outside talent and initiating org anizational change. The present study looks to analyze all these factors. This study will help to observe the aspects of family own business in Saudi Arabia and certain succession aspects within family business. In order to achieve the objective of the research, physiological attitudes, theories of culture, and several legal and socio-cultural aspects have been studied. The integration of these aspects will influence the results and outcomes. The phrase family business is familiar both within Western and Eastern countries. According to Chua and Chrisman family business is acknowledged as a business managed to shape and follows a vision held by a leading alliance controlled by a member of a family. One objective of family business is to control and manage the business in order to sustain for the future generation. However, all members in a family are in the same

Criminal Justice Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Criminal Justice - Research Paper Example cible entry to a premise is protected under the Fourth amendment when the nature of the circumstances that led to the warrant is considered reasonable. On the mentioned case involving Steiney Richards, petitioner v. Wisconsin, Madison, police officers forcibly entered the motel room that was occupied by the petitioner on December 31 early morning in order to execute a search warrant that was intended to net illegal narcotics. Before the search warrant was granted, the magistrate who issued the warrant rejected a no- knock warrant (Karagiozis & Sgaglio 2005). The magistrate argued that the case submitted did not attain the threshold to justify the need of such a warrant and, therefore, rejected to grant the police officers a no- knock warrant. Despite the magistrate’s judicial ruling, the Madison police officers dismissed the ruling and resorted in using force where they did not disclose the purpose and their presence prior to the entry. The police officers conducted the search and identified illegal narcotics such as cocaine but there was no evidence of gun possession that was collected. The trial court dismissed all attempts from the petitioner to suppress the case after which the petitioner, Steiney Richards pleaded guilty of the felony charges. The suspect possessed illegal narcotics that comprised of cocaine with intents to deliver thus allowing the appellant court to uphold the conviction of the petitioner to a prison term. To affirm the decision, the Wisconsin Supreme court scrutinized the issues in the case and found that the entry to the petitioner’s motel room did not violate the legislation thereby upholding policies as stipulated in the Fourth Amendment. In reaffirming their decision, the supreme court, acknowledged that the police officers are invariably allowed to ignore announcing their presence by considering the nature of the search warrant especially those that involves felonious acts like drug trafficking. The petitioner argued that the

BURGER KING CASE STUDY Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

BURGER KING CASE STUDY - Term Paper Example Thus, in modern marketing strategies, marketers have mastered the art of creating a need for their product or service offerings or constantly surprising the marketplace, an area where they have a high level of dexterity (Boone and Kurtz 11). The â€Å"Whopper Freakout† marketing campaign of Burger King is one of them. Although the forefront intention behind this was to find out if Whopper was the market’s favorite burger sandwich, the basic goal was still to create a need because this potentially resulted to word-of-mouth promotion highlighting the major justifications of the said product. The â€Å"Whopper Freakout† marketing campaign was a promotional strategy underlying the concept of viral marketing campaigns. Thus, aside from this, there are other principal advantages and disadvantages of using viral marketing campaigns to promote a product. One possible disadvantage of viral marketing campaign is the risk of flooding negative opinions associated with a cert ain product or brand. Viral marketing could potentially be successful on the part of the company if it is associated with positive conversation on a certain product or brand (Faheem 3). ... Thus, applying viral marketing would just ensure giving more to its advantage while ensuring at some point a fast-paced promotion. Therefore, it is clear that the major advantage of viral marketing campaign is speed (Schirmer 33). Through the word of mouth, if information is just only associated with positive opinions, viral marketing campaign is reliable based on the effectiveness of the speed of promotion. Thus, this would further minimize the additional cost that should be incurred in the dissemination of information that would be associated with the product or service offerings or brands. 2. Discuss the factors that resulted in the success of the Whopper Freakout campaign. Also enumerate the possible drawbacks of the campaign. One of the elemental factors that made Whopper Freakout campaign a success is the fact that Whopper was already one of its market’s favorite burger. In the event that this burger would have substantial issue, it would eventually become an integral co mponent of consumers’ conversation in their daily lives, especially among those who have positive experience with this product. This is due to the fact that Whopper is a consumer good in a form of food. Considering that every people need to eat daily, Whopper Freakout campaign is such a strong strategic marketing campaign in order to reinforce customers regarding the prevailing status of the said product. Furthermore, when consumers would be informed about the status of the said product and they have important concerns as in line with their relevant impressions of it, application of viral marketing campaign would make sense. In fact, the success of this marketing activity is highly dependent on consumers’ first impression (Allen 151). As stated earlier, since

Schizophrenia Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Schizophrenia - Research Paper Example Schizophrenia in general as a disorder has a peculiar symptom, namely that the affected person may hear sounds that surrounding people don’t hear. They have a curious feeling that other people are trying to read their minds or in other words are gaining control of their thoughts. They are superstitious enough to harm themselves as well. This can frighten people with the illness and exclude them from the society because of extreme agitation. This brain disorder is considered to be costly and time consuming due to the behavior of the patient. Superstitions are common feelings of the patient which are caused by low intake of the medicine. First generation and second generation medicines are introduced for the patients who deal with certain types of the syndrome. Trust should be developed while treating a patient with schizophrenia. Introduction: Schizophrenia is basically a brain disorder which is found to be persistent, severe, and even disabling the brain and it has affected pe ople throughout history. About 1 percent of Americans have this illness. People with schizophrenia may give a feeling as if they are lost in thoughts. Such person can sit for hours without moving or talking. One cannot judge a person until he/she speaks about what they are really thinking. Depending upon the conditions and causes families and society are affected by schizophrenia too. It has been found that people suffering from schizophrenia have difficulty within their social circle, maintaining a job or even taking care of themselves, so they rely on others for help. With developing research and more effective medications, researchers are finding solutions to this brain disorder. Use of medicine and treatment helps relieve many symptoms of schizophrenia, but often people fight with symptoms throughout their lives. However, many people with schizophrenia can lead rewarding and meaningful lives in their communities. (Regier DA, 1993) Prevalence of the Disease Several factors affect the prevalence of schizophrenia, such as the recognition and reaction to treatment. The prevalence of schizophrenia can be calculated either from cases registered or field surveys. Researchers report that figures have been hypothesized that prevalence estimates would differ between lifetime, period, and point prevalence. Estimates were calculated as a proportion by dividing the total number of individuals who had the disorder by the total population at risk including those with the disorder. It is predicted that males from urban areas and migrants would have a larger proportion as compared to females. (Bhugra, 2005) Schizophrenia rarely occurs in children but affects men and women equally. It occurs regardless of religion and ethnic groups around the world. Mainly symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions usually commence between ages 16 to 30. Men are exposed more to symptoms a little earlier than women. Most of the time, people do not get schizophrenia after age 45. (SR, 2004 ) Schizophrenia in teens can be difficult to diagnose, because some of the first signs can include a change in emotional behavior, change of friends, low performance in education, sleep problems, and bad temper that are common among teens. However, a series of factors can forecast the disorder for up to 80 percent of youth who are at high risk of

BURGER KING CASE STUDY Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

BURGER KING CASE STUDY - Term Paper Example Thus, in modern marketing strategies, marketers have mastered the art of creating a need for their product or service offerings or constantly surprising the marketplace, an area where they have a high level of dexterity (Boone and Kurtz 11). The â€Å"Whopper Freakout† marketing campaign of Burger King is one of them. Although the forefront intention behind this was to find out if Whopper was the market’s favorite burger sandwich, the basic goal was still to create a need because this potentially resulted to word-of-mouth promotion highlighting the major justifications of the said product. The â€Å"Whopper Freakout† marketing campaign was a promotional strategy underlying the concept of viral marketing campaigns. Thus, aside from this, there are other principal advantages and disadvantages of using viral marketing campaigns to promote a product. One possible disadvantage of viral marketing campaign is the risk of flooding negative opinions associated with a cert ain product or brand. Viral marketing could potentially be successful on the part of the company if it is associated with positive conversation on a certain product or brand (Faheem 3). ... Thus, applying viral marketing would just ensure giving more to its advantage while ensuring at some point a fast-paced promotion. Therefore, it is clear that the major advantage of viral marketing campaign is speed (Schirmer 33). Through the word of mouth, if information is just only associated with positive opinions, viral marketing campaign is reliable based on the effectiveness of the speed of promotion. Thus, this would further minimize the additional cost that should be incurred in the dissemination of information that would be associated with the product or service offerings or brands. 2. Discuss the factors that resulted in the success of the Whopper Freakout campaign. Also enumerate the possible drawbacks of the campaign. One of the elemental factors that made Whopper Freakout campaign a success is the fact that Whopper was already one of its market’s favorite burger. In the event that this burger would have substantial issue, it would eventually become an integral co mponent of consumers’ conversation in their daily lives, especially among those who have positive experience with this product. This is due to the fact that Whopper is a consumer good in a form of food. Considering that every people need to eat daily, Whopper Freakout campaign is such a strong strategic marketing campaign in order to reinforce customers regarding the prevailing status of the said product. Furthermore, when consumers would be informed about the status of the said product and they have important concerns as in line with their relevant impressions of it, application of viral marketing campaign would make sense. In fact, the success of this marketing activity is highly dependent on consumers’ first impression (Allen 151). As stated earlier, since

Anglia Local News Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Anglia Local News Assignment - Essay Example (Gillan2010) Also unlike the traditional host, it is the provider who manages the service implying that the consumer only has to have a computer and internet to access the service. Another feature of cloud is that it can be private or public. A public cloud is offered (sold) to anyone via the internet whereas a private cloud refers to a proprietary network that is only provides to a limited group of individuals. Whether one goes for the private or public cloud, the goal is to render scalable computing services. Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) refers to a model whereby cloud providers deliver and control Information technology resources such as storage, computation and network capacity. (Blokdijk & Menken 2009) By this, cloud providers own, manage, render as well as distribute Information technology resources more effectively and conveniently to their subscribers. Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) This refers to a set of software and development tools provided by a cloud vendor as a hosted infrastructure. Through this developers can be able to create applications running on the provider’s platform via the internet. (Blokdijk & Menken 2009) Platform-as-a-Service providers may use AP1s, web portals as well as gateways that are installed in a client’s computer. Examples of PaaS are GoogleApps and Force.com. Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) This refers to a model in which the vendor provides the hardware and software infrastructure as well as the software product that interacts with the user through a front-end portal. The range of services provided by SaaS is very broad. Examples of this include We-based Mail, database processing as well as inventory control. (Blokdijk & Menken 2009) Because the applications and the data resides with the host provides it enables the services to be accessible from anywhere. Benefits of cloud services By adopting cloud computing, some of the benefits an organization would accrue as would inc lude the following: First, cloud computing saves time. This is because by an organization relying on using installed software’s to meet their needs they stand the chance of spending more time procuring, mastering and managing their programs. (Velte & Robert 2009) However a business saves time upon adopting cloud since some cloud vendors offer software as a service, hence an organization is spared the inconvenience of managing their programs. Secondly a business stands fewer chances of glitches upon cloud adoption. This is because services offered through cloud require few versions. Therefore there is less upgrades needed and it becomes easy to implement considering the fact it is the cloud providers who implement this. (Velte & Robert 2009) Also considering the fact that most businesses incur problems in integrating software with other similar applications which makes it hard to share data, cloud enables user to integrate applications such as management systems, emails and of fice applications reducing cases of productivity glitches. It has also been known that cloud promotes conservation of the environment. This is considering the fact that personal computers only utilize 10 to 20 percent of the capacity; this implies there is a large percentage in energy waste. Therefore by pooling resources in cloud based systems there is energy savings on the life extended by personal computers. Another great advantage of the cloud is increased access

Essay on reality Essay Example for Free

Essay on reality Essay Recently I attended a comedy festival and chose to go see one of the comedians shows with a friend of mine. This specific comedian had based his jokes around making fun of different people in certain countries. I had found the entire show completely amusing- it was very entertaining. However, when I questioned my friend about how she found it she was absolutely bewildered. She had found the jokes very offensive and humiliating towards the people of the ethnic groups that were mocked. It was a surprise to me that her perception of the show was entirely different from mine. The same event we had both experienced had seemed to produce different reactions. The situation made me realise that the window through which we perceive reality cannot be objectively verified due to the subjectivity of a persons feelings, thoughts or memories. After youve heard two eyewitness accounts of an auto accident, you begin to worry about history, was written by an unknown author. Hence the perception of reality can be seen through many windows. This circumstance made me question the validity of an objective reality in any situation and to what degree can certain factors influence the way we perceive reality. Variations in the perception of reality can indeed be affected by the age and what has been experienced by the individual during their maturation process. Overtime one persons perception of reality changes in that their initial knowledge of reality is entirety different from the reality they may perceive years later. The difference between the perceptions of reality of a forty year old adult to a ten year old child will vary greatly. A child has not yet been subjected to or experienced any major events; so their view on reality has not yet properly matured. As an individual matures, it is evident that they have encountered diverse situations that influence the way which they recognise reality. The perception of reality of a young child is still one of perplexity which is also experienced by the young Robert whose views on the world around him are not quite developed as is apparent in the memoir, The Shark Net. Roberts perception at the time of arrival into Perth was of complete awe and excitement, Everything I saw was the great unknown, whereas Dorothys perception was, it might as well be Africa. So you see, the perception of adventure of a young boy differs significantly to that of the perception of fear and insecurity of an isolated and foreign region of an adult. Hence reality can be seen through a series of lenses. The process of growing up in a certain environment involves the introduction of moral values whereby ones view on reality begins to form. By living in that area you grow up with views and values that are first instilled into you by your parents but then later on you are open to a wide range of views you can apply to any person, place or event. As can be seen the novel To Kill a Mockingbird, the young character Scout is growing up in an environment where her father, a lawyer, is defending a black man. Therefore, the character is being subjected to certain views and values that will later influence the way in which she perceives reality. Also, Roberts environment comprised of Saturday movies, bumpers, sparrows, moral agents and boiling brains and this was all part of his reality. Indeed, these themes formed the basis of Roberts reality. So it can be inferred that peoples personal feelings and thoughts that they have accumulated in their maturation process prevent the production of an objective reality; rather the creation of multiple realities to one situation. David G. Myers of Social Psychology once wrote There is an objective reality out there, but we view it through the spectacles of our beliefs, attitudes, and values. The environment you have been surrounded by, beliefs and moral values you have held all play a pivotal role and influence the way in which we perceive reality. The past of an individual and the memories experienced during their past plays a significant role in the way in which they perceive reality. Memories and experiences basically shape our understanding of what is important to us and what is not. Hence these are the formations of different perceptions. Roberts tunnelling craze was decided by Royce that the boys habit must have been picked up from parents and grandparents, who had experience as a bomber pilot and obviously felt no harm in the situation. On the other hand Dorothys reaction was distraught and angry. She couldnt believe mothers allowed their children to go to school barefoot, much less risk suffocation by burrowing underground. This indicates that these two perceptions of the reality of the situation are fuelled by the dissimilar experiences felt by both parents. Also, considering the latest tragic reality of the bushfires; a child who had lost their home and entire possessions would now hold a different perspective on reality due to their experiences and memories to that of a bystander to the horrific events. Indeed, ones own experience can affect the way in which they perceive a certain reality. It is shown that even the same event can have two conflicting realities perceived by two different people with various experiences. Though we may encounter the same event, person or place there are external and internal factors that can influence the manner in which we perceive a specific reality. The windows that allow sight into perception have numerous layers. It is impossible to view reality from an objective perspective due to the personal life we have created around us. From being a small child to an adult has shown to be a factor influencing the knowledge of reality. Therefore, along the path of our lives we are provided with certain views and values that contribute to our home and external environment and the experiences and memories we come across make a person perceive a situation in a different lens. As Bryan Singer once said, We dont live in a world of reality; we live in the word of how we perceive reality.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Childrens Use of Internet

Advantages and Disadvantages of Childrens Use of Internet Today children know how to use the internet, cell phone and know how to play video games. Technology is getting more advanced and children are becoming smarter. Childrens curiosity makes them want to know about everything, which is a good thing because this shows that children want to learn more with modern technology because it becomes natural to learn and understand easily. Childhood is about exploring and the internet changes the children’s learning and communication. From reading How Technology Makes Kids Smarterby Julie Ann, research has shown that children with access to computers early are more confident compared to the ones that used technology at a later age. The internet helps students work outside of their school and interact with others. It is important for students to have socializing skills because it helps them be more outgoing (Ann). It is important for children to spend time with their friends and family because when they need a job, they need to learn to talk professionally, but they won’t know how. The internet can help, but it’s better to be opened minded and use the internet for a good cause. The internet is a fun environment, but it depends on how you use it because being smart and socialized is important as you get older. The internet offers fast communication, for example, emails, chat services and social networking sites like Facebook, Twitter, and more. The networking sites offer socializing, but it shouldnt be necessary that people and children use the internet for socializing purposes only. Communicating through electronics continue to expand and it makes opportunities for the future.The internet is everywhere and everything is done online, for example, shopping or finding information. Many children are offering help to the elders on how to use the internet. After understanding how to use the internet, information on anything they need can be found. It is easy to access information and that has made this generation smarter than the children from the previous generations(Are Social Networking Sites Good for Our Society?). The internet is never-ending and is available 24/7. All data are available and it is well structured to make it easy to understand, which satisfies the child’s desire for knowledge without a teacher. Research studies have shown that children who use the internet are smarter and sociable compared to those who don’t use internet services. Technology has developed gradually since the last generation. Children are encouraged to use the internet for research because they understand it better and they can find detailed information on any topic. When they figure out how to use the search tools on the internet, they will be able to increase their knowledge on anything they want or need. Children today evolve fast and they are smarter than the children of the same age in the last generation and I believe that the internet is the cause of this. Computer are the best way to study because they are full of information and it is convenient for students (Ann). The internet has everything the children need to know, for example, homework, tutoring, educational videos, how-to videos and instructions on things that are difficult for us. The internet has everything that children need to know for education. If children didn’t understand something in class, they can look it up on Google. There are many reliable sites that help children learn and prepare them for tests, for example, Khanacademy.org, which is a popular website for world-class education for anyone. At school, teachers recommend students to look over specific sites to learn from. This shows that children are becoming smarter because of the internet because the internet can help with education and to help children learn what is happening around the world. All school have a computer system that is used as a research device. The internet can answer questions for curiou s children, and they can search it easily. Teachers encourage students to use reliable online sources to find information on topics. Many teachers also post online lessons that students can access during any time which is a new learning tool that was not used in previous generations. There are many children who are bored in school and do not work feel sophisticated or have an inspiration. From Five Positive Effects of Technology on Education William McCoy, children who use the internet have cognitive abilities, for example, logical problem solving. The internet has information that improves childrens learning, their knowledge and also their verbal skills. Positive effects technology has on education is by using it for research, globalization and being exposed to educational games. Many students replace their printed books with their laptop and download e-books, use the internet for research on topics they want to learn. The internetprovides knowledge, opportunities and it is a network to millions of businesses and schools. Th e internet has made a great effect on the youth by increasing their knowledge (McCoy). Personally I have learned a lot from the internet and gaining knowledge from the internet depends on the childs personality and the way they function. Some are idle and use it for sexual content while some kids would use it for learning and fun sites. It depends on the child and the parents should know their child and fix them if he/she has a problem. The children that use the internet for unimportant reasons shouldn’t ruin it for others by making the parents see only the negative part of the internet. The internet has everything and it is so much easier to find information now. It is simpler to find information and it is made faster and more convenient. From reading Its fun, but does it make you smarter? by Erica Packard, she explains how the internet is used by children every day and when researchers recorded the childrens internet use, results showed that they had higher reading test scores compared to the children who didnt use the internet. Online reading is different from traditional reading by giving children confidence and being able to get help themselves. Packard explains the difference between internet and traditional academics by saying Whats unique about the Internet as compared with traditional ways of developing academic performance skills is that its more of a fun environment. Its a play tool. You can learn without any pain. Beneficial academic outcomes may just be a coincidental effect of having a good time. (Packard). This shows that you can learn a lot from using internet information. The opposing side is that children are not smarter or more socialized because of the internet. Information is out and parents worry that it is not a safe learning environment because there are blogs full of opinions and misinformation. Instead of children doing homework on a sheet of paper, they just Google the questions for the answer. The internet is nothing but an aid for those who cannot answer questions for themselves. The internet causes laziness and it hasn’t made children smarter. The Internet provides knowledge, but children are usually playing video games instead. Even though the internet provides knowledge, doesnt mean that people will use it. The internet gives children the chance to learn certain subjects that is free and easy to access, but they don’t use it. Being lazy is not smart and the internet doesn’t give a whole information, but basic knowledge. Children become more dependent on the internet. Being smarter is not about learning information, it is the ability to face different challenges in different situations, which the internet is doing the opposite because it gives children an easy way to solve their problems. Children have become dependent on it which makes them slow and mindless. The internet has too many distraction and time is being wasted (Bator). Children have easier access to knowledge but they are not retaining information because they feel as if it is not relevant to them. Having an easy access to get answer for any question they have leaves them lazy and lack of creativity by taking someone elses answer instead of making their own determinations. Having more information does not mean being smarter. Even though the internet has a great amount of information, it doesn’t mean that the children are smarter because of it. There are a lot of opportunities to waste time and chances to learn. There are risks from socializing with strangers and criminals and the internet is responsible for changing the behavior of children, especially in the way they react and respond to their environment. Like television, the internet influences character of children. Another opposing view is that children learn depends on how they use the internet. Many children are addicted to their electronic devices than playing outside and meeting people. There are also kids hanging out with each other, but they are on their phones texting instead of talking to each other. Children also become angry if they are going through a withdrawal from technology (Woollaston). The internet is expanding and children should learn how to benefit from it. In this generation, young children already know how to use and understand the internet. It increases their learning experiences by using what were not accessible to the previous generations. Children should be encouraged to use the internet because it teaches us self-directed learning, online reading and comprehension skills. Children are smarter because of the internet and they understand it at a young age. The internet is everywhere and there is a quick adaptation to its use, for example, a two year old can take a cellphone and access the internet or get on a computer and play an online game. When technology becomes more advanced, children become smarter because their curiosity makes them search for information and understand topics. Developing online reading and comprehension skills is important because the internet is a part of our lives, and it will keep growing (Leu). Self-directed learning is when an i ndividual manages their own learning activities by finding information about anything they want to learn more about online. When a student needs a lesson they learned in class clarified, they can use the internet because it has everything they need to know.

cold war :: essays research papers

1991 Gorbachev resigns as president of the USSR Mikhail Gorbachev announces that he is resigning as president of the Soviet Union. In truth, there was not much of a Soviet Union from which to resign--just four days earlier, 11 of the former Soviet republics had established the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), effectively dismembering the USSR. The Soviet Union, for all intents and purposes, had already ceased to exist. In his farewell speech to the nation, Gorbachev indicated that the recent establishment of the CIS was the primary motive for his resignation, claiming he was "concerned about the fact that the people in this country are ceasing to become citizens of a great power and the consequences may be very difficult for all of us to deal with." In words that were sometimes prideful, sometimes resentful, Gorbachev stated that he stood on his record of achievement. He had, he claimed, overseen the Soviet Union's trip down the "road of democracy." His reforms "steered" the communist economy "toward the market economy." He declared that the Russian people were "living in a new world" in which an "end has been put to the Cold War and to the arms race." Admitting "there were mistakes made," Gorbachev remained adamant that he "never had any regrets" about the policies he pursued. In reality, Gorbachev had lost much of his power and prestige in the Soviet Union even before the establishment of the CIS. The economy was unstable. No one seemed pleased by Gorbachev-some opponents demanded even more political freedom while hard-liners in his government opposed any movement toward reform. In August 1991, he survived a coup attempt only through the assistance of Russian Federation

Vulnerability Of Children Contributing Factors Health And Social Care Essay

The intent of this chapter is to set up an apprehension of the province of kids in South Africa, to understand the contributing factors to their exposure – impacting their quality of life on a multi-dimensional degree, and the impact of HIV and AIDS as one of the primary subscribers to kids ‘s exposure. In visible radiation of the information provided within this chapter, the full extent of the basic demands of kids in South Africa could supply a foundation for understanding the church ‘s yesteryear successes and failures in order to advance a possible pressing consideration of new attacks. the province of kids There is an pressing call for the engagement of faith-based administrations ( FBO, like the church ) , non-governmental administrations ( NGO ) and local authoritiess to help in turn toing the demands of vulnerable kids ( Blackman, 2007 ; Musa, 2005 ; Olsen, Knight & A ; Foster, 2006 ; Stephenson, Gourley, & A ; Miles, 2004 ) . This pressing call stems is in visible radiation of the hapless quality of life for these kids, every bit good as the lending factor of the HIV and AIDS pandemic. The church and other FBO ‘s have been recognised by assorted writers and administrations in their partnership and function in community-based administrations ( CBO ) ( Hoff, 1998 ; Olson, Messinger, Sutherland & A ; Astone, 2005 ; Olson, Knight & A ; Foster, 2006 ; Unruh & A ; Sider, 2005 ) . The function of churches is widely recognised as a alteration agent whose engagement goes beyond merely the here and now. But Unruh and Sider ( 2005 ) every bit good as Mitchell ( 2001 ) argue that churches, who are already involved in community development as their attack to societal ministries, are non every bit effectual as they ought to be and name for the pressing consideration of their attacks, underlying positions and motivations. This urges the church to grok what the specific demands of orphaned and vulnerable kids are, and to see its effectivity and its positions on how these demands can be addressed. Within the recommended community development response for the church as outlined by assorted writers ( August, 1999 ; Dreyer, 2004 ; Du Toit, 2002 ; Liebenberg, 1996 ; Myers, 1999 ; Myers, 2006 and Vilanculo, 1998 ) , there is an pressing call to be needs-based that is developed through the assorted methods and rules such a response involves. It is hence indispensable to grok the general province of kids, as the causes of exposure amongst kids can merely be understood when their worlds are explained and projected. Merely within the apprehension of their exposure and lending factors, can kids ‘s demands be efficaciously met and thereby their quality of life improved. There are assorted statistical estimations and projections on the worlds of kids, refering the Numberss of orphans and vulnerable kids ( OVC ) in South Africa. Within these assorted beginnings, disagreements were identified between the different beginnings. The informations include projections with respect to HIV prevalence, orphanage, AIDS related deceases and even entire populations. These disagreements were compared and discussed within the work of Dorrington et Al. ( 2006:27 ) for the twelvemonth 2005. No existent informations on the true province of orphans and vulnerable kids ( OVC ) were found or concluded as the available statistical informations are all projections. Dorrington et Al. ( 2006:17 ) reaffirm the usage of the ASSA2003 Model, but promote comparing with other projections. Bray ( 2003:44 ) raises farther concerns sing the methods used to cipher the estimations and projections in regard of orphans and vulnerable kids ( OVC ) , but Bray is even more concerned with what one does with these projections and calls for the careful usage of such projected informations. Her concerns are based on the labelling of the kids every bit good as the intended results of intercessions and the nature thereof. No beginning could nevertheless be found that denies the estimations and projections of orphans and vulnerable kids ( OVC ) . For this ground, merely statistical informations from four important beginnings, due to their planetary engagement, leading and protagonism in this respect – ASSA2003 Model ( University of Cape Town ) , Statistics South Africa, UNAIDS and UNICEF – will be referred to in sing the regional and national informations. The beginnings used in this survey can be accepted as reliable and trusty due to the beginnings ‘ national and international activism for kids and research within this field of survey. Due to the tendency in the past ten old ages of projected figures fluctuating to an undependable extent, these projections will be handled with great cautiousness. It besides needs to be stressed that all projections and statistics provided here are estimates merely. The statistical information provided within this survey are included simply for the apprehension of the worlds kids are confronting and the part of these fortunes to the exposure of kids. Statistical beginnings from chiefly the past eight old ages ( 2001 – 2009 ) will be quoted and referred to, and all other beginnings ( older than four old ages and other than ASSA, Stats SA, UNAIDS and UNICEF ) will be weighed against these to find the liberty of their statements and statements. 2.2.1 Specifying ‘orphans ‘ and ‘vulnerable kids ‘ In order to grok the world of vulnerable kids within the context of this survey, a clear apprehension of the two footings ‘orphans ‘ and ‘vulnerable kids ‘ is needed. Skinner et al. , ( 2006:620 ) refers to â€Å" the importance of sing the state of affairs of kids orphaned by AIDS † , but emphasizes that by looking at orphans affected by AIDS merely, does non embrace the full graduated table of the world of kids, since the HIV pandemic every bit good as environing poorness â€Å" are making a context in which big Numberss of kids are † made vulnerable. It needs to be stated clearly that within the apprehension of the world of kids and intercessions to help them, it is acknowledged that HIV and AIDS are a major subscriber, but non the primary cause or subscriber to the exposure of kids. HIV and AIDS characteristic as outstanding factors lending to the exposure of kids but it can non be separated from other lending factors. Orphans Harmonizing to Skinner et Al. ( 2006:620 ) â€Å" the most recognized definition of an orphan is a kid who has lost one or both parents through decease † But this definition could besides include â€Å" loss of parents through abandonment or if the parents are unable or unwilling to supply attention † . They refer in most instances to the absent parent as being the male parent ( Skinner et al. , 2006:620 ) . Within the literature consulted, the age of the kid includes from birth and varies up to between 15 and 21, depending on the context and the degree of dependence on care-givers. Harmonizing to Skinner et al. , ( 2006:620 ) , within the orphan grouping, degrees of exposure are discerned by an apprehension of the direct environment of these kids. These environmental apprehensions are used to understand these orphans within an inexplicit categorization system, â€Å" such as the nature of their health professionals i.e. , drawn-out households, surrogate parents, community health professionals, child-headed families † and institutional attention, the degree of extra aid required, and between ‘maternal ‘ , ‘paternal ‘ and ‘double ‘ orphans ( 2006:620 ) . Assorted writers have raised their concerns with respect to stigmatisations when specifying an orphan within a group such as ‘AIDS-orphans ‘ ; or their degree of exposure within their environmental apprehension such as the term ‘OVC ‘ ( Engle, 2008:9 ; Save the Children, 2007:29 ; Skinner et al. , 2006:620 ; Smart, 2003:4 ) . Care must hence be taken with how any term associating to orphans and vulnerable kids ( OVC ) is used as they become objectified or marks for stigma and segregation which farther contributes to their exposure. Vulnerable Children Vulnerability is non an absolute province because there are grades of exposure which depend on the state of affairs of the kid. Harmonizing to Skinner et Al. ( 2006:620 ) there are â€Å" a figure of lending factors to a kid ‘s exposure † and each of these â€Å" adds to the cumulative burden that the kid carries † . For them, â€Å" the extent of the crisis and extra jobs associated with it besides affect the impact on the kid † ( 2006:620 ) . Vulnerability is a really complex construct to specify and really frequently the understanding thereof is limited to the circumstance of the kid. Harmonizing to Smart, ( 2003:4 ) â€Å" the construct of exposure is non merely restricted to persons, such as kids, but is frequently used to mention to families every bit good. † There does look to be a nexus between poorness and exposure proposing that policies and intercessions to better exposure among the hapless in general, will besides hold a positive impact on deprived orphans and vulnerable kids ( OVC ) ( Smart, 2003:4 ) . The South African Department of Social Development, defines a vulnerable kid as â€Å" a kid whose endurance, attention, protection or development may be compromised due to a peculiar status, state of affairs or circumstance and which prevents the fulfillment of his or her rights † ( 2005:5 ) . These conditions could be identified by the undermentioned standards harmonizing to Department of Social Development ( 2005:13 ) , Engle ( 2008:10 ) and Skinner et al. , ( 2006:623 ) : A kid who is below the age of 18, and meets one or more of the undermentioned standard, is made vulnerable by it as it influences their quality of life: Has a inveterate sick parent/caregiver ( regardless of whether the parent/caregiver lives in the same family as the kid ) , or Lifes in a family where in the past 12 months at least one grownup died and was sick for 3 of the 12 months before he/she died, or Lifes in a family where at least one grownup was earnestly sick for at least 3 months in the past 12 months, or Populating with really old and frail health professionals, or Lifes in a family that receives and attentions for orphans, or Lifes outside of household attention ( i.e. , lives in an establishment or on the streets ) , Is born of a teenage or individual female parent ; Is abused or ill-treated by a step-parent or relations ; Is populating with a parent or an grownup who lacks income-generating chances ; Has lost one or both parents ; Children whose endurance, well-being or development is impacted by HIV or AIDS ; â€Å" Any physical or mental disability ; or any other long-run trouble that would do it hard for the kid to work independently † Skinner et al. , ( 2006:623 ) . These indexs could include the following invariably present marks: deficient nutrition, marks of hungriness, marks of deficient slumber, â€Å" hapless hygiene or can non prosecute in personal attention and does non hold vesture or vesture is soiled or damaged ( Skinner et al. , 2006:623 ) . â€Å" Illness, either HIV or other major unwellness ; and emotional or psychological jobs † ( Skinner et al. , 2006:623 ) ; Harmonizing to them these indexs could include apathy or weakness that might demo in the kid as being unhappy, dull, being suffering or deficiency of motive, disregard of school assignment, irregular attending of school or non executing good at school, low school registration rates, high repeat rates, and/or high bead out rates ( 2006:623 ) . Low immunization and limited or no entree to wellness services, malnutrition, and a high load of disease ; â€Å" Maltreatment at emotional, physical or sexual degree ; usage of drugs ( e.g. , gum, intoxicant, coffin nails, marihuana or cleft ) and non having equal attention † ( Skinner et al. , 2006:623 ) – peculiarly love, counsel and support ; intra-household disregard when compared to other kids in the family ( 2006:623 ) . At a higher hazard than their local equals of sing baby, kid and adolescent mortality ; Family and community maltreatment and ill-treatment ( torment and force ) ; Economic and sexual development, due to miss of attention and protection It can be concluded, that even though the HIV and AIDS pandemic is apparent as a major subscriber and the presence of it will be seeable in about every facet of being vulnerable ; these every bit good as other factors lending to exposure, must be acknowledged and considered within the wider context of other kids. HIV and AIDS is non the lone subscriber to the job of orphanage and exposure. Other factors like poorness, wars, maltreatment, non-HIV related unwellnesss and natural and unnatural deceases, contribute significantly to the job of orphanage and exposure amongst kids ( Simbayi, Kleintjies, Ngomane, Tabane, Mfecane & A ; Davids, 2006:20 ) . It is therefore of import that HIV and orphan intercessions attend to the demands of all kids, instead than concentrating entirely on those kids affected by HIV/AIDS. 2.2 The SOCIAL STATe OF CHILDREN in SOUTH AFRICA South Africa is being considered as a underdeveloped state and an inspiration for the ‘African Renaissance ‘ and human-centered development. With South Africa presumable holding the universe ‘s best Fundamental law and Bill of Rights ( Dinokeng, 2009:9 ) , one would anticipate a contemplation thereof in the world of the lives of the kids of South Africa. The National image – the general province of South Africa ‘s kids The undermentioned informations are twelvemonth specific, but reflects the exposure of kids in South Africa which is the primary focal point of the inclusion of this information in this survey. In 2006, there were 18.2 million kids in South Africa and they constituted 38 % of the state ‘s population, of which 38 % were between 6 and 12 old ages, 34 % being younger than 6 old ages and 28 % were adolescents ( 13 – 17 old ages old ) ( Proudlock, Dutschke, Jamieson, Monson & A ; Smith, 2008:64 ) . The livelihood-realities of South African kids From all the kids in South Africa, in 2006 an estimated 12.3 million or 68 % of them lived in families with an income of less than R1 200 per month ( Proudlock et al. , 2008:63 ) . A farther 2.8 million or 16 % of all kids were populating in families across South Africa where kids were reported as hungry ( ‘sometimes ‘ , ‘often ‘ or ‘always ‘ ) because there was non adequate nutrient ( Proudlock et al. , 2008:63 ; Stats SA, 2006:41 ) . An estimated 10 million or 54 % of South Africa ‘s kids lived in rural countries harmonizing to research done in 2004. The Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal and Limpopo states were home to approximately 74 % of all rural kids in South Africa of which Limpopo was proportionately the most rural state, where merely 12 % of kids lived in urban countries. In the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal states, there is more of an equal split between kids populating in urban and rural countries. In Gauteng there were 96 % and in the Western Cape 87 % of the kids urban-based. It is a general pattern that grownups populating in rural countries, frequently move to urban countries in hunt of work, while their kids remain in the rural countries and are cared for by the drawn-out household. There was an indicant that babies younger than one twelvemonth were more likely to be populating in urban countries than older kids, which suggests that babes born in urban countries ab initio remain with their female parents ( Proudlock et al. , 2008:87 ) . The figure of kids populating in informal lodging ( backyard homes or hovels in informal colonies ) increased from 2.3 million in 2002, to 2.6 million in 2006 and besides accounted for 12 % of all South African kids ( Proudlock et al. , 2008:86 ) . Children life in formal countries are more likely than those populating in informal or traditional homes to hold basic services on site. They are besides more likely to be closer to installations like schools, libraries, clinics and infirmaries than those populating in informal colonies or rural countries. Proudlock et Al. ( 2008:90 ) reflects on kids populating in informal colonies as being â€Å" more open to jeopardies such as hovel fires and paraffin toxic condition † . For them, â€Å" kids ‘s rights to adequate lodging agencies that they should non hold to populate in informal homes † ( 2008:86 ) . Overcrowding is related to a deficit of lodging and besides to the size of houses being built. In 2006, 5.2 million or 28 % of the entire child population lived in overcrowded families ( Proudlock et al. , 2008:90 ; Stats SA, 2006:41 ) . For Proudlock et Al. ( 2008:90 ) , â€Å" Overcrowding is a job because it can sabotage kids ‘s demands and rights † , and refer to the right to privateness, and wellness as catching diseases spread more easy in overcrowded conditions. For them, â€Å" kids in crowded families may fight to negociate infinite for their ain activities † . These kids may besides hold â€Å" less entree to basic services such as H2O and electricity † ( Proudlock et al. , 2008:90 ) . Good sanitation is critical for healthy childhood as there are a figure of negative effects for kids who are unable to entree proper lavatories. It is really hard to keep good hygiene without H2O and lavatories – kids are exposed to worms, bacterial infection which compromises nutrition. A deficiency of equal sanitation besides undermines human self-respect ( Proudlock et al. , 2008:91 ) . In 2006, merely 9.9 million, or 55 % of South Africa ‘s kids had entree to adequate lavatory installations and 11 million or 61 % of South Africa ‘s kids had entree to imbibing H2O on site ( Proudlock et al. , 2008:91 ) . In 2006, 10.6 million or 96 % of all kids of school-going age ( 7 – 17 old ages ) were go toing some signifier of school or educational installation. These figures nevertheless, are non an indicant of the regularity of kids ‘s school attending ; the quality of instruction and acquisition in schools, or about repeat and throughput rates ( Proudlock et al. , 2008:74 ; Stats SA, 2006:9 ) . A ground for concern is the figure of kids who did non go to an educational installation, as harmonizing to Proudlock et al. , ( 2008:74 ) and Stats SA, ( 2006:9 ) , in 2006 there were about 447,000 kids of school-going age that were non go toing an educational installation, of which 337,000 were kids aged 13 – 17. Every twelvemonth there are 20 000 babes stillborn and a farther 22 000 babes die before they are a month old ( 28 yearss ) , which accounted for 30 % of all child deceases in 2006 ( UNICEF, 2008:6 ) . The mortality informations for 2006 showed that the highest figure of deceases in the whole population occurred in the 0 – 4 old ages age group of which the under five twelvemonth mortality rate ( U5MR ) increased from 40 deceases per 1,000 unrecorded births in 2001 to 72 per 1,000 unrecorded births in 2005. The infant mortality rate ( IMR ) increased from 29 deceases per 1,000 unrecorded births in 2001 to 43 per 1,000 unrecorded births in 2005 ( Proudlock et al. , 2008:78 ; ) . It is estimated that one in every 17 kids dies before the age of 5 ( UNICEF, 2008:6 ) . Harmonizing to Proudlock et al. , ( 2008:80 ) the taking causes of decease in kids under five may be divided into four classs: Complications during and shortly after birth Harmonizing to them ( 2008:80 ) , â€Å" the prima causes of decease among kids younger than 15 old ages ( for 2000 to 2005 ) are related to perinatal upsets ( upsets that occur in the period of late gestation to seven yearss after birth ) † , which means that newborn kids and babies under one twelvemonth are peculiarly susceptible to diseases. Respiratory and cardiovascular upsets remain the primary cause of decease in the perinatal period and, since 2002, it is the highest specific class of decease among kids under 15 old ages. By the terminal of 2003, the perinatal mortality rate was 35.8 per 1,000 for all bringings, and 26.4 per 1,000 for all babies weighing more than 1,000 gms ( Proudlock et al. , 2008:80 ) . HIV-related unwellnesss HIV/AIDS remains the biggest menace to child endurance as the HIV- and AIDS-pandemic continues to lay waste to the wellbeing and endurance of kids ( Proudlock et al. , 2008:80 ) . Diseases straight related to poorness ( for illustration enteric infective diseases and malnutrition ) Gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases have shown a diminution in incidence since 1997, and malnutrition as a cause of decease, has halved between 2000 and 2005 ( Proudlock et al. , 2008:80 ) . Injury Unnatural causes of decease that account for injury are classified under â€Å" unspecified unnatural causes † , which makes up 7 % of child deceases in 2005 ( Proudlock et al. , 2008:80 ) . It was estimated for 2007, that for every 100,000 people, 41 were raped ( of which 40 % were kids ) . This statistic is accepted as under-estimated by UNICEF and states that â€Å" under-reporting of offense is common, particularly when it involves people from the same household or community † ( 2008:7 ) . In the bulk of offenses that happen within societal or domestic scenes, the culprits and the victims know each other – they are household or friends ( UNICEF, 2008:7 ) . HIV and AIDS regional informations South- Africa Harmonizing to Smart ( 2003:7 ) the HIV- and AIDS-pandemic can be illustrated as a sequence of three moving ridges. The first moving ridge is HIV infections, and it â€Å" is followed some old ages subsequently by the 2nd moving ridge of AIDS unwellness and decease † . This in bend, is followed by the 3rd wave â€Å" of kids being orphaned by HIV and AIDS † , with its impact at multiple degrees ( 2003:7 ) . But harmonizing to UNICEF ( 2004a:4 ) HIV and AIDS start to impact a kid early in a parent ‘s unwellness, as kids and immature people in an HIV and AIDS-affected family Begin to endure long before a parent or health professional dies, due to the effects ensuing in family income that plumb bobs, interrupted schooling and even entire fall-out, either to care for a ill parent or to gain money. The impact thereof continues through the class of the unwellness, every bit good as throughout the kid ‘s development good after the parent ‘s decease. Assorted survival schemes are pursued, such as eating less and selling assets, which are lending to and escalating the exposure of these families. For UNICEF, â€Å" Children who are deprived of the counsel and protection of their primary health professionals are more vulnerable to wellness hazards, force, development, and favoritism † ( 2004a:4 ) . Harmonizing to UNICEF ( 2004a:3 ) kids affected by HIV and AIDS are non merely affected by orphanage, but they are besides made vulnerable when they have â€Å" an sick parent, are populating in hapless families that have taken in orphans, are discriminated against because of a household member ‘s HIV position, or who have HIV themselves † . For so, HIV and AIDS â€Å" has joined a host of other factors † and includes utmost poorness, struggle, and development, which â€Å" impose extra loads on society ‘s youngest and most vulnerable members † ( 2004a:3 ) . It is believed that due to the disagreements in informations older than 2005, there was a planetary under-estimation of the impact of HIV and AIDS pandemic in South Africa, to such an extent that South Africa was non considered to be a state confronting the biggest impact of this pandemic, as compared to neighboring states like Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland and Zimbabwe. Merely in recent literature ( from ASSA, UNAIDS, UNICEF and World Bank ) dated from 2005, it was realized that South Africa will hold the biggest impact of HIV and AIDS therefore holding the biggest load of orphans and vulnerable kids ( OVC ) due to this pandemic. In 2007, the entire South African population was 47.8 million people, of which 18.2 million where kids under the age of 17 old ages ( Proudlock et al. , 2008:82 ; UNICEF, 2008:5 ) . In the same twelvemonth, it was estimated that 5.7 million South Africans were populating with HIV, doing South Africa the largest pandemic in the universe ( UNICEF, 2008:7 – something non antecedently considered ( UNAIDS/WHO, 2007:16 ; UNICEF, 2008:7 ) . Womans, particularly those in their kid bearing old ages, bear the biggest proportion of the HIV infection and a 3rd of pregnant adult females are estimated to be HIV-positive ( UNICEF, 2008:2 ) . The HIV informations from prenatal clinics in South Africa suggest that the state ‘s pandemic might be stabilising, but there is no grounds yet of major alterations in HIV-related behavior ( UNAIDS/WHO, 2007:12 ) . By 2006, 294,000 kids under the age of 15 old ages of age were populating with HIV in South Africa ( ASSA, 2005: n.p. ; Proudlock et al. , 2008:82 ) and the bulk of them have been infected through mother-to-child transmittal and hence child prevalence among babies is mostly influenced by the HIV prevalence of pregnant adult females and the intercessions to forestall mother-to-child transmittal ( ASSA, 2005: n.p. ; Proudlock et al. , 2008:84 ) . The highest prevalence amongst these kids was in KwaZulu-Natal with 3.2 % ; Mpumalanga and the Free State with 2.6 % ; and Gauteng with 2.5 % ( ASSA, 2005: n.p ; Proudlock et al. , 2008:84 ) . The estimations from the ASSA2003 theoretical account farther suggested that an overall prevalence of 1.2 % in 2000 has doubled to 2.1 % in 2006 for kids under the age of 18 old ages ( ASSA, 2005: n.p. ; Proudlock et al. , 2008:63 ) . Harmonizing to UNICEF ( 2008:24 ) , â€Å" life anticipation has plummeted by 15 old ages, from age 65 in 1996 to age 50 in 2005 † and â€Å" 1,000 people die every twenty-four hours † as a consequence of AIDS-related illnesses.. In 2006, about 69 % of â€Å" kids and grownups with advanced HIV infection were having antiretroviral intervention ( ART ) † ( UNICEF, 2008:24 ) while still between 270 000 and 420 000 people died of AIDS related unwellnesss in 2006 ( UNAIDS/WHO, 2008:7 ) . KwaZulu-Natal had the highest figure of deceases ( 15,209 ) due to AIDS related unwellnesss, every bit good as the 2nd highest figure ( 6,378 ) of kids on ART in that twelvemonth. Gauteng had the 2nd highest figure of child deceases due to AIDS related unwellnesss, but in the same twelvemonth it had the highest figure of kids on ART ( 6,992 ) ( ASSA, 2005: n.p. ; Proudlock et al. , 2008:85 ) . Harmonizing to Proudlock et al. , ( 2008:84 ) , the HIV-pandemic has progressed at a rapid gait over the last decennary, and the necessary wellness services to turn to the demands of HIV septic kids, have non been put in topographic point. This has caused kids to non be able to entree the life-saving and desperately needed antiretroviral intervention ( ART ) . Children in the way of HIV and AIDS – orphans With a big figure of factors already mentioned that are lending to the exposure of kids, the impact of HIV and AIDS can be expected to be another large contributing factor. â€Å" In South Africa the figure of orphans has been increasing easy, and as a consequence has attracted comparatively small public attending. In old ages to come nevertheless, the figure of orphans is likely to lift quickly as AIDS mortality additions † ( Johnson & A ; Dorrington, 2001:1 ) . In 2001 they ( 2001:5 ) considered South Africa ‘s AIDS pandemic as â€Å" still in its early phases, relative to other African states † , as South Africa has yet to see the degrees of orphanage observed elsewhere in Africa. This is because â€Å" there are more people infected with HIV in South Africa than in any other African Country † , and it is hence rather possible that â€Å" the state will finally hold more orphans due to AIDS related causes, than any other state on the African continent † ( Johnson & A ; Dorrington, 2001:5 ) . Harmonizing to UNICEF ( 2008:24 ) , â€Å" of all the states affected by HIV and AIDS, South Africa has the most devastating load, as a consequence of holding the universe ‘s highest figure of HIV infected people † . Harmonizing to Proudlock et. Al ( 2008:66 ) , in 2006, there were 3.7 million sum orphans – â€Å" this is equal to 21 % of all kids in South Africa with 619 000 † , or 3 % of all orphans documented to be maternal orphans, 668 000, or 4 % of all orphans documented to be dual orphans and 2.4 million orphans, or 14 % of all orphans documented to be paternal orphans. Harmonizing to them, â€Å" the figure of paternal orphans is this high because of the higher mortality rates of work forces in South Africa, every bit good as the frequent absence of male parents in kids ‘s live † s ( Proudlock et al. , 2008:66 ) . Per state, the estimations for 2006 were as follows: KwaZulu-Natal – with 978 000 orphans. Eastern Cape – 816 000 orphans Limpopo – 481 000 orphans Gauteng – 392 000 orphans Mpumalanga – 286 000 orphans Free State – 284 000 orphans North West – 281 000 orphans Western Cape – 198 000 orphans Northern Cape – 52 000 orphans ( Proudlock et al. , 2008:66 ) There has been an addition in the figure of orphans in the past five old ages, and harmonizing to Proudlock et. Al ( 2008:66 ) there were â€Å" about 750,000 more kids populating as orphans in 2006 than in 2002 † and see this addition in visible radiation of the HIV- and AIDS-pandemic ( 2008:66 ) . Further to this, they province that â€Å" there where about 122,000 kids populating in an estimated 60,000 child-headed families across South Africa † ( 2008:68 ) . Of these, 89 % were located in the undermentioned three states: Limpopo, KwaZulu-Natal, and the Eastern Cape ( Proudlock et al. , 2008:68 ) . Annually an norm of 1.1 million babes are born, of which 300,000 were born to HIV-positive female parents and an estimated â€Å" 78,000 of these babes run the hazard of acquiring infected if nil is done to forestall mother-to-child transmittal of HIV. One-half of these kids die before they reach two old ages of age † ( UNICEF, 2008:13 ) . Orphan projections As mentioned, the HIV- and AIDS-pandemic demands to be understood in footings of a series of moving ridges Smart ( 2003:7 ) . In South Africa, the first of these moving ridges represented new HIV infections which harmonizing to Johnson and Dorrington ( 2001:5 ) peaked in â€Å" 1998 at approximately 930 000 infections per twelvemonth † . This was followed by the 2nd moving ridge of the entire figure of infections, which was estimated to top out in â€Å" 2006 at 7.7 million infections ( 2001:5 ) . The 3rd moving ridge being AIDS deceases, is expected to top out in â€Å" 2010 with approximately 800 000 † ( 2001:5 deceases per twelvemonth, which will take to the 4th moving ridge being AIDS related orphans. Johnson and Dorrington ( 2001:4 ) estimates this moving ridge â€Å" to top out at â€Å" 3.7 million maternal orphans ( kids under the age of 18 old ages ) † ( 2001:13 ) and â€Å" 4.71 million paternal orphans ( kids under the age of 18 old ages ) † in 2015, ( 2001:14 ) while the entire figure of kids holding lost one or both parents â€Å" is expected to make its highest degree in 2014, at 5.67 million † ( 2001:14 ) . Johnson and Dorrington estimates that in 2015, these orphans ( kids under the age of 18 old ages and holding lost one or both parents ) would be 33 % of the entire kid population, of which 18 % would hold lost a female parent ( maternal orphan ) and 28 % would hold lost their male parent ( paternal orphan ) and 11 % would hold lost both their parents ( dual orphans ) . They farther estimate to stay at these high degrees for an expected 15 – 20 old ages, due to the general consideration that if a kid lost one parent due to AIDS related unwellnesss, it is most likely for the other parent to besides decease of AIDS related unwellnesss, to the extent that by 2020 a sum of 40 % of all orphans would be considered dual orphans ( Johnson & A ; Dorrington, 2001:14 ) . Giese and Meintjies ( 2004:2 ) , Johnson and Dorrington ( 2001:22 ) call for these projections to be understood as merely anticipations in the absence of any major intervention intercession or behavior alterations. Johnson and Dorrington ( 2001: two ) besides states that within these projected orphan estimations, one needs to see that foremost, comparatively few orphaned kids are likely to be HIV positive, as most HIV positive orphans do non last for long plenty to represent a important proportion of the orphan population. Second, the rate of orphanage is likely to be the highest in the black African population group amongst hapless socio-economic groups ( 2001: two ) . Consequences of orphanage Harmonizing to Johnson and Dorrington ( 2001:31 ) , South Africa can anticipate to see an dismaying growing in the figure of orphaned kids over the following 15-20 old ages. The bulk of these kids will be adolescents, and will come from hapless socio-economic backgrounds. If their demands are non met, many of them will turn up as disaffected and anomic members of society. Harmonizing to them, â€Å" South Africa ‘s capacity to supply attention for these orphaned kids will therefore find the long-run societal stableness of the state † ( 2001:31 ) . There have besides been legion other surveies in the field of the societal deductions of projected orphanage and there have besides been some profound statements in this respect: â€Å" Although the figure of orphans is reeling, its effects are merely merely get downing † ( UNAIDS, 2001:19 ) . â€Å" The socio-economic impact of HIV/AIDS portends a immense human-centered catastrophe with desperate economic and societal effects † ( ILO, 2002: n.p. ) . â€Å" Turning up without school or vocational instruction, they are juvenile delinquents, possible Rebels. ‘What future do they hold, what future do we hold? ‘ â€Å" ( Hunter, 1990:683 ) â€Å" aˆÂ ¦the potency for monolithic societal dislocation and disruption in Sub-Saharan Africa † ( Hunter, 1990:681 ) The above statements and decisions made by assorted writers, need to be read in visible radiation of Bray ‘s ( 2003:3 ) call for serious and careful consideration of any literature that makes assorted premises and decisions as to the societal impact of the projected orphanage. She calls for the cautious usage of jutting figures of orphans every bit good as the possible deductions on societal and economic degrees as these anticipations, as antecedently mentioned, are mere estimations in the visible radiation of the absence of important surveies or grounds to turn out the cogency thereof. Sing Bray ‘s ( 2003:44 ) call for cautiousness when working with statistical informations associating to orphans and vulnerable kids ( OVC ) , every bit good as her concern to presume and reason to any effects and societal impact thereof ( 2003:3 ) , such projections will non be included or promoted within this survey. The statistical informations and projections included in this survey are simply to dispute perceptual experiences and methods when sing appropriate intercessions to turn to the demands of vulnerable kids. The outstanding influence of HIV and AIDS therefore far, serves to admit and understand the impact thereof on communities and to further place the pandemic as one of the biggest subscribers to the exposure of kids. It needs to be stressed that the exposure of kids is non merely caused by the HIV and AIDS pandemic or orphanage entirely. UNICEF ( 2004b:14 ) provinces that it should be noted that â€Å" the impact of HIV/AIDS every bit good as other subscribers to the exposure of kids varies well from one context to another † . Harmonizing to them, â€Å" there is no theoretical account or specific set of intercessions that can be prescribed for all communities † and for this ground, within each action or intercession, â€Å" the mix of schemes and actions will change harmonizing to locally identified demands, capacities and precedences † ( UNICEF, 2004b:14 ) . 2.3 Decision The annihilating impact of HIV and AIDS and other factors underpinned by poorness, on the kids and their households every bit good as the communities as a whole, is a really complex state of affairs with no simple solution or speedy hole. The world of the current state of affairs is complex, inter-related on all degrees of life, and cuts across all sectors of development. We are faced with an unprecedented state of affairs that requires the trust and regard of communities, coaction and committedness at all degrees of the society. This world is an even bigger felt-need of kids or as Macharia Kamau from UNICEF ( 2008:4 ) provinces: â€Å" For many kids in South Africa, life is their biggest challenge. Populating in hapless rural communities, overcrowded townships and dilapidated interior metropoliss, these kids do non hold the privilege of private medical attention, a school library brimming with books, a computing machine at place or in some cases, parents to love and protect them. What they frequently face is a childhood lost to poorness, disease, hapless societal services and broken places † ( UNICEF, 2008:4 ) . With the apprehension that â€Å" there is no formula or route map † ( FHI, 2001:2 ) , and there is no â€Å" one-size fits all † ( Engle, 2008:37 ) ; â€Å" there is a turning consensus about the wide lineations of a strategic response † ( FHI, 2001:2 ) and rules to steer intercessions to help these orphans and vulnerable kids ( OVC ) . Due to the focal point of this survey being on orphans and vulnerable kids ( OVC ) , and the awaited function of the church in the community through a catalytic-relational partnership, it is important to understand these recommended responses and rules in order to include these results in the church ‘s practice of community development, which will be discussed subsequently in this survey.